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Connect a Frontend to a Backend Using Services tutorial 70

This task shows how to create a frontend and a backend microservice. The backend microservice is a hello greeter. The frontend exposes the backend using nginx and a Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="service" >}} object.

{{% heading "objectives" %}}

  • Create and run a sample hello backend microservice using a {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="deployment" >}} object.
  • Use a Service object to send traffic to the backend microservice's multiple replicas.
  • Create and run a nginx frontend microservice, also using a Deployment object.
  • Configure the frontend microservice to send traffic to the backend microservice.
  • Use a Service object of type=LoadBalancer to expose the frontend microservice outside the cluster.

{{% heading "prerequisites" %}}

{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}} {{< version-check >}}

This task uses Services with external load balancers, which require a supported environment. If your environment does not support this, you can use a Service of type NodePort instead.

Creating the backend using a Deployment

The backend is a simple hello greeter microservice. Here is the configuration file for the backend Deployment:

{{< codenew file="service/access/backend-deployment.yaml" >}}

Create the backend Deployment:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/access/backend-deployment.yaml

View information about the backend Deployment:

kubectl describe deployment backend

The output is similar to this:

Name:                           backend
Namespace:                      default
CreationTimestamp:              Mon, 24 Oct 2016 14:21:02 -0700
Labels:                         app=hello
                                tier=backend
                                track=stable
Annotations:                    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision=1
Selector:                       app=hello,tier=backend,track=stable
Replicas:                       3 desired | 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType:                   RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds:                0
RollingUpdateStrategy:          1 max unavailable, 1 max surge
Pod Template:
  Labels:       app=hello
                tier=backend
                track=stable
  Containers:
   hello:
    Image:              "gcr.io/google-samples/hello-go-gke:1.0"
    Port:               80/TCP
    Environment:        <none>
    Mounts:             <none>
  Volumes:              <none>
Conditions:
  Type          Status  Reason
  ----          ------  ------
  Available     True    MinimumReplicasAvailable
  Progressing   True    NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:                 <none>
NewReplicaSet:                  hello-3621623197 (3/3 replicas created)
Events:
...

Creating the hello Service object

The key to sending requests from a frontend to a backend is the backend Service. A Service creates a persistent IP address and DNS name entry so that the backend microservice can always be reached. A Service uses {{< glossary_tooltip text="selectors" term_id="selector" >}} to find the Pods that it routes traffic to.

First, explore the Service configuration file:

{{< codenew file="service/access/backend-service.yaml" >}}

In the configuration file, you can see that the Service, named hello routes traffic to Pods that have the labels app: hello and tier: backend.

Create the backend Service:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/access/backend-service.yaml

At this point, you have a backend Deployment running three replicas of your hello application, and you have a Service that can route traffic to them. However, this service is neither available nor resolvable outside the cluster.

Creating the frontend

Now that you have your backend running, you can create a frontend that is accessible outside the cluster, and connects to the backend by proxying requests to it.

The frontend sends requests to the backend worker Pods by using the DNS name given to the backend Service. The DNS name is hello, which is the value of the name field in the examples/service/access/backend-service.yaml configuration file.

The Pods in the frontend Deployment run a nginx image that is configured to proxy requests to the hello backend Service. Here is the nginx configuration file:

{{< codenew file="service/access/frontend-nginx.conf" >}}

Similar to the backend, the frontend has a Deployment and a Service. An important difference to notice between the backend and frontend services, is that the configuration for the frontend Service has type: LoadBalancer, which means that the Service uses a load balancer provisioned by your cloud provider and will be accessible from outside the cluster.

{{< codenew file="service/access/frontend-service.yaml" >}}

{{< codenew file="service/access/frontend-deployment.yaml" >}}

Create the frontend Deployment and Service:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/access/frontend-deployment.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/access/frontend-service.yaml

The output verifies that both resources were created:

deployment.apps/frontend created
service/frontend created

{{< note >}} The nginx configuration is baked into the container image. A better way to do this would be to use a ConfigMap, so that you can change the configuration more easily. {{< /note >}}

Interact with the frontend Service

Once you've created a Service of type LoadBalancer, you can use this command to find the external IP:

kubectl get service frontend --watch

This displays the configuration for the frontend Service and watches for changes. Initially, the external IP is listed as <pending>:

NAME       TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)  AGE
frontend   LoadBalancer   10.51.252.116   <pending>     80/TCP   10s

As soon as an external IP is provisioned, however, the configuration updates to include the new IP under the EXTERNAL-IP heading:

NAME       TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP        PORT(S)  AGE
frontend   LoadBalancer   10.51.252.116   XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX    80/TCP   1m

That IP can now be used to interact with the frontend service from outside the cluster.

Send traffic through the frontend

The frontend and backend are now connected. You can hit the endpoint by using the curl command on the external IP of your frontend Service.

curl http://${EXTERNAL_IP} # replace this with the EXTERNAL-IP you saw earlier

The output shows the message generated by the backend:

{"message":"Hello"}

{{% heading "cleanup" %}}

To delete the Services, enter this command:

kubectl delete services frontend backend

To delete the Deployments, the ReplicaSets and the Pods that are running the backend and frontend applications, enter this command:

kubectl delete deployment frontend backend

{{% heading "whatsnext" %}}