520 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
520 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 证书
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content_type: concept
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weight: 20
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---
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<!--
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title: Certificates
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content_type: concept
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weight: 20
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-->
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<!-- overview -->
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<!--
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When using client certificate authentication, you can generate certificates
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manually through `easyrsa`, `openssl` or `cfssl`.
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-->
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当使用客户端证书进行认证时，用户可以使用现有部署脚本，或者通过 `easyrsa`、`openssl` 或
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`cfssl` 手动生成证书。
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<!-- body -->
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### easyrsa
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<!--
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**easyrsa** can manually generate certificates for your cluster.
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-->
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使用 **easyrsa** 能够手动地为集群生成证书。
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<!--
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1. Download, unpack, and initialize the patched version of easyrsa3.
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curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/easy-rsa/easy-rsa.tar.gz
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tar xzf easy-rsa.tar.gz
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cd easy-rsa-master/easyrsa3
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./easyrsa init-pki
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1. Generate a new certificate authority (CA). `--batch` sets automatic mode;
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`--req-cn` specifies the Common Name (CN) for the CA's new root certificate.
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./easyrsa --batch "--req-cn=${MASTER_IP}@`date +%s`" build-ca nopass
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1. Generate server certificate and key.
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The argument `--subject-alt-name` sets the possible IPs and DNS names the API server will
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be accessed with. The `MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` is usually the first IP from the service CIDR
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that is specified as the `--service-cluster-ip-range` argument for both the API server and
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the controller manager component. The argument `--days` is used to set the number of days
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after which the certificate expires.
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The sample below also assumes that you are using `cluster.local` as the default
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DNS domain name.
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./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="IP:${MASTER_IP},"\
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"IP:${MASTER_CLUSTER_IP},"\
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"DNS:kubernetes,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" \
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--days=10000 \
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build-server-full server nopass
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1. Copy `pki/ca.crt`, `pki/issued/server.crt`, and `pki/private/server.key` to your directory.
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1. Fill in and add the following parameters into the API server start parameters:
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--client-ca-file=/yourdirectory/ca.crt
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--tls-cert-file=/yourdirectory/server.crt
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--tls-private-key-file=/yourdirectory/server.key
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-->
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1. 下载、解压并初始化 easyrsa3 的补丁版本。
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```
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curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/easy-rsa/easy-rsa.tar.gz
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tar xzf easy-rsa.tar.gz
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cd easy-rsa-master/easyrsa3
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./easyrsa init-pki
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```
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1. 生成 CA（通过 `--batch` 参数设置自动模式。 通过 `--req-cn` 设置默认使用的 CN）
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```
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./easyrsa --batch "--req-cn=${MASTER_IP}@`date +%s`" build-ca nopass
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```
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1. 生成服务器证书和密钥。
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参数 `--subject-alt-name` 设置了访问 API 服务器时可能使用的 IP 和 DNS 名称。
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`MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` 通常为 `--service-cluster-ip-range` 参数中指定的服务 CIDR 的 首个 IP 地址，
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`--service-cluster-ip-range` 同时用于 API 服务器和控制器管理器组件。
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`--days` 参数用于设置证书的有效期限。
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下面的示例还假设用户使用 `cluster.local` 作为默认的 DNS 域名。
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```
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./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="IP:${MASTER_IP},"\
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"IP:${MASTER_CLUSTER_IP},"\
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"DNS:kubernetes,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster,"\
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"DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" \
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--days=10000 \
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build-server-full server nopass
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```
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1. 拷贝 `pki/ca.crt`、`pki/issued/server.crt` 和 `pki/private/server.key` 至您的目录。
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1. 填充并在 API 服务器的启动参数中添加以下参数：
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```
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--client-ca-file=/yourdirectory/ca.crt
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--tls-cert-file=/yourdirectory/server.crt
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--tls-private-key-file=/yourdirectory/server.key
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```
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### openssl
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<!--
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**openssl** can manually generate certificates for your cluster.
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1. Generate a ca.key with 2048bit:
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openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
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1. According to the ca.key generate a ca.crt (use -days to set the certificate effective time):
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openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -subj "/CN=${MASTER_IP}" -days 10000 -out ca.crt
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1. Generate a server.key with 2048bit:
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openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
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1. Create a config file for generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR).
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Be sure to substitute the values marked with angle brackets (e.g. `<MASTER_IP>`)
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with real values before saving this to a file (e.g. `csr.conf`).
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Note that the value for `MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` is the service cluster IP for the
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API server as described in previous subsection.
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The sample below also assumes that you are using `cluster.local` as the default
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DNS domain name.
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[ req ]
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default_bits = 2048
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prompt = no
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default_md = sha256
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req_extensions = req_ext
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distinguished_name = dn
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[ dn ]
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C = <country>
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ST = <state>
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L = <city>
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O = <organization>
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OU = <organization unit>
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CN = <MASTER_IP>
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[ req_ext ]
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subjectAltName = @alt_names
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[ alt_names ]
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DNS.1 = kubernetes
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DNS.2 = kubernetes.default
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DNS.3 = kubernetes.default.svc
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DNS.4 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster
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DNS.5 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
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IP.1 = <MASTER_IP>
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IP.2 = <MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>
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[ v3_ext ]
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authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
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basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
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keyUsage=keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment
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extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,clientAuth
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subjectAltName=@alt_names
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1. Generate the certificate signing request based on the config file:
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openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr -config csr.conf
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1. Generate the server certificate using the ca.key, ca.crt and server.csr:
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openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key \
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-CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 10000 \
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-extensions v3_ext -extfile csr.conf
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1. View the certificate:
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openssl x509 -noout -text -in ./server.crt
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-->
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使用 **openssl** 能够手动地为集群生成证书。
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1. 生成密钥位数为 2048 的 ca.key：
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```
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openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
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```
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1. 依据 ca.key 生成 ca.crt （使用 -days 参数来设置证书有效时间）：
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```
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openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -subj "/CN=${MASTER_IP}" -days 10000 -out ca.crt
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```
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1. 生成密钥位数为 2048 的 server.key：
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```
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openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
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```
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1. 创建用于生成证书签名请求（CSR）的配置文件。
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确保在将其保存至文件（如 `csr.conf`）之前将尖括号标记的值（如 `<MASTER_IP>`）
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替换为你想使用的真实值。 注意：`MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` 是前面小节中描述的 API 服务器的服务集群 IP
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（service cluster IP）。 下面的示例也假设用户使用 `cluster.local` 作为默认的 DNS 域名。
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```
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[ req ]
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default_bits = 2048
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prompt = no
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default_md = sha256
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req_extensions = req_ext
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distinguished_name = dn
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[ dn ]
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C = <国家>
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ST = <州/省>
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L = <市>
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O = <组织>
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OU = <部门>
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CN = <MASTER_IP>
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[ req_ext ]
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subjectAltName = @alt_names
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[ alt_names ]
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DNS.1 = kubernetes
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DNS.2 = kubernetes.default
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DNS.3 = kubernetes.default.svc
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DNS.4 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster
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DNS.5 = kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
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IP.1 = <MASTER_IP>
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IP.2 = <MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>
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[ v3_ext ]
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authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
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basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
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keyUsage=keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment
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extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,clientAuth
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subjectAltName=@alt_names
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```
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1. 基于配置文件生成证书签名请求：
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```
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openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr -config csr.conf
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```
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1. 使用 ca.key、ca.crt 和 server.csr 生成服务器证书：
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```
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openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key \
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-CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 10000 \
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-extensions v3_ext -extfile csr.conf
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```
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1. 查看证书：
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```
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openssl x509 -noout -text -in ./server.crt
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```
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<!--
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Finally, add the same parameters into the API server start parameters.
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-->
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最后，添加同样的参数到 API 服务器的启动参数中。
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### cfssl
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<!--
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**cfssl** is another tool for certificate generation.
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-->
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**cfssl** 是用来生成证书的另一种工具。
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<!--
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1. Download, unpack and prepare the command line tools as shown below.
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Note that you may need to adapt the sample commands based on the hardware
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architecture and cfssl version you are using.
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curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.4.1/cfssl_1.4.1_linux_amd64 -o cfssl
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chmod +x cfssl
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curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.4.1/cfssljson_1.4.1_linux_amd64 -o cfssljson
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chmod +x cfssljson
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curl -L https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/releases/download/v1.4.1/cfssl-certinfo_1.4.1_linux_amd64 -o cfssl-certinfo
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chmod +x cfssl-certinfo
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1. Create a directory to hold the artifacts and initialize cfssl:
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mkdir cert
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cd cert
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../cfssl print-defaults config > config.json
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../cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json
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1. Create a JSON config file for generating the CA file, for example, `ca-config.json`:
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{
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"signing": {
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"default": {
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"expiry": "8760h"
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},
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"profiles": {
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"kubernetes": {
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"usages": [
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"signing",
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"key encipherment",
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"server auth",
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"client auth"
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],
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"expiry": "8760h"
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}
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}
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}
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}
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1. Create a JSON config file for CA certificate signing request (CSR), for example,
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`ca-csr.json`. Be sure to replace the values marked with angle brackets with
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real values you want to use.
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{
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"CN": "kubernetes",
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"key": {
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"algo": "rsa",
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"size": 2048
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},
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"names":[{
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"C": "<country>",
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"ST": "<state>",
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"L": "<city>",
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"O": "<organization>",
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"OU": "<organization unit>"
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}]
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}
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1. Generate CA key (`ca-key.pem`) and certificate (`ca.pem`):
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../cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | ../cfssljson -bare ca
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1. Create a JSON config file for generating keys and certificates for the API
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server, for example, `server-csr.json`. Be sure to replace the values in angle brackets with
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real values you want to use. The `MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` is the service cluster
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IP for the API server as described in previous subsection.
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The sample below also assumes that you are using `cluster.local` as the default
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DNS domain name.
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{
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"CN": "kubernetes",
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"hosts": [
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"127.0.0.1",
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"<MASTER_IP>",
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"<MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>",
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"kubernetes",
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"kubernetes.default",
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"kubernetes.default.svc",
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"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
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"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
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],
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"key": {
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"algo": "rsa",
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"size": 2048
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},
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"names": [{
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"C": "<country>",
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"ST": "<state>",
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"L": "<city>",
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"O": "<organization>",
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"OU": "<organization unit>"
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}]
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}
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1. Generate the key and certificate for the API server, which are by default
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saved into file `server-key.pem` and `server.pem` respectively:
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../cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
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--config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes \
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server-csr.json | ../cfssljson -bare server
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-->
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1. 按如下所示的方式下载、解压并准备命令行工具。
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注意：你可能需要基于硬件架构和你所使用的 cfssl 版本对示例命令进行修改。
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```
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curl -L https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 -o cfssl
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chmod +x cfssl
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curl -L https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64 -o cfssljson
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chmod +x cfssljson
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curl -L https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 -o cfssl-certinfo
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chmod +x cfssl-certinfo
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```
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1. 创建目录来存放物料，并初始化 cfssl：
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```
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mkdir cert
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cd cert
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../cfssl print-defaults config > config.json
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../cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json
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```
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1. 创建用来生成 CA 文件的 JSON 配置文件，例如 `ca-config.json`：
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```
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{
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"signing": {
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"default": {
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"expiry": "8760h"
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},
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"profiles": {
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"kubernetes": {
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"usages": [
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"signing",
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"key encipherment",
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"server auth",
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"client auth"
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],
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"expiry": "8760h"
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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1. 创建用来生成 CA 证书签名请求（CSR）的 JSON 配置文件，例如 `ca-csr.json`。
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确保将尖括号标记的值替换为你想使用的真实值。
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```
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{
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"CN": "kubernetes",
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"key": {
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"algo": "rsa",
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"size": 2048
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},
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"names":[{
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"C": "<country>",
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"ST": "<state>",
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"L": "<city>",
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"O": "<organization>",
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"OU": "<organization unit>"
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}]
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}
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```
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1. 生成 CA 密钥（`ca-key.pem`）和证书（`ca.pem`）：
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```
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../cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | ../cfssljson -bare ca
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```
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1. 按如下所示的方式创建用来为 API 服务器生成密钥和证书的 JSON 配置文件。
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确保将尖括号标记的值替换为你想使用的真实值。 `MASTER_CLUSTER_IP` 是前面小节中描述的
|
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API 服务器的服务集群 IP。 下面的示例也假设用户使用 `cluster.local` 作为默认的 DNS 域名。
|
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|
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```
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{
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"CN": "kubernetes",
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"hosts": [
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"127.0.0.1",
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"<MASTER_IP>",
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"<MASTER_CLUSTER_IP>",
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"kubernetes",
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"kubernetes.default",
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"kubernetes.default.svc",
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"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
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"kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
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],
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"key": {
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"algo": "rsa",
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"size": 2048
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},
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"names": [{
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"C": "<country>",
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"ST": "<state>",
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"L": "<city>",
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"O": "<organization>",
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"OU": "<organization unit>"
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}]
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}
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```
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1. 为 API 服务器生成密钥和证书，生成的秘钥和证书分别默认保存在文件 `server-key.pem`
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和 `server.pem` 中：
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|
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```
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../cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
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--config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes \
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server-csr.json | ../cfssljson -bare server
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```
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<!--
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## Distributing Self-Signed CA Certificate
|
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A client node may refuse to recognize a self-signed CA certificate as valid.
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For a non-production deployment, or for a deployment that runs behind a company
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firewall, you can distribute a self-signed CA certificate to all clients and
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refresh the local list for valid certificates.
|
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|
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On each client, perform the following operations:
|
||
-->
|
||
## 分发自签名 CA 证书
|
||
|
||
客户端节点可能拒绝承认自签名 CA 证书有效。
|
||
对于非生产环境的部署，或运行在企业防火墙后的部署，用户可以向所有客户端分发自签名 CA 证书，
|
||
并刷新本地的有效证书列表。
|
||
|
||
在每个客户端上执行以下操作：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo cp ca.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/kubernetes.crt
|
||
sudo update-ca-certificates
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...
|
||
1 added, 0 removed; done.
|
||
Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d....
|
||
done.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
## Certificates API
|
||
|
||
You can use the `certificates.k8s.io` API to provision
|
||
x509 certificates to use for authentication as documented
|
||
[here](/docs/tasks/tls/managing-tls-in-a-cluster).
|
||
-->
|
||
## 证书 API
|
||
|
||
您可以按照[这里](/zh/docs/tasks/tls/managing-tls-in-a-cluster)记录的方式，
|
||
使用 `certificates.k8s.io` API 来准备 x509 证书，用于认证。
|
||
|
||
|