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An {{< product-name >}} database is a named location where time series data is stored. Each database can contain multiple tables.
[!Note] If coming from InfluxDB v1, the concepts of databases and retention policies have been combined into a single concept--database. Retention policies are no longer part of the InfluxDB data model. However, {{% product-name %}} does support InfluxQL, which requires databases and retention policies. See InfluxQL DBRP naming convention.
If coming from InfluxDB v2, InfluxDB Cloud (TSM), or InfluxDB Cloud Serverless, database and bucket are synonymous.
Database, table, and column limits
{{< product-name >}} places the following limits on databases, tables, and columns:
Database limit
Maximum number of databases: {{% influxdb3/limit "database" %}}
Table limit
Maximum number of tables across all databases: {{% influxdb3/limit "table" %}}
{{< product-name >}} limits the number of tables you can have across all databases to {{% influxdb3/limit "table" %}}. There is no specific limit on how many tables you can have in an individual database, as long as the total across all databases is below the limit.
Having more tables affects your {{% product-name %}} installation in the following ways:
{{< expand-wrapper >}} {{% expand "May improve query performance View more info" %}}
Schemas with many tables that contain focused sets of tags and fields can make it easier for the query engine to identify what Parquet files contain the queried data, resulting in better query performance.
{{% /expand %}} {{% expand "More PUTs into object storage View more info" %}}
When using cloud-based object storage as your data backend, the more tables you
have, the more PUT requests there are into your object store as InfluxDB
persists data to Parquet files. Each PUT request incurs a monetary cost and
increases the operating cost of {{< product-name >}}.
{{% /expand %}} {{% expand "More work for the compactor (Enterprise only) View more info" %}}
To optimize storage over time, InfluxDB 3 Enterprise has a compactor that routinely compacts Parquet files. With more tables and Parquet files to compact, the compactor may need to be scaled to keep up with demand, adding to the operating cost of InfluxDB 3 Enterprise.
{{% /expand %}} {{< /expand-wrapper >}}
Column limit
Maximum number of columns per table: {{% influxdb3/limit "column" %}}
Each row must include a time column, with the remaining columns representing tags and fields. As a result, a table can have one time column and up to {{% influxdb3/limit "column" -1 %}} combined field and tag columns. If you attempt to write to a table and exceed the column limit, the write request fails and InfluxDB returns an error.
Higher numbers of columns has the following side-effects:
{{< expand-wrapper >}} {{% expand "May adversely affect system performance" %}}
InfluxData identified {{% influxdb3/limit "column" %}} columns as the safe limit for maintaining system performance and stability. Exceeding this threshold can result in wide schemas, which can negatively impact performance and resource use, depending on your queries, the shape of your schema, and data types in the schema.
{{% /expand %}} {{< /expand-wrapper >}}
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