---
layout: blog
title: Kubernetes Setup Using Ansible and Vagrant
date: 2019-03-15
---

**Author:** Naresh L J (Infosys)

## Objective
This blog post describes the steps required to setup a multi node Kubernetes cluster for development purposes. This setup provides a production-like cluster that can be setup on your local machine. 

## Why do we require multi node cluster setup?
Multi node Kubernetes clusters offer a production-like environment which has various advantages. Even though Minikube provides an excellent platform for getting started, it doesn't provide the opportunity to work with multi node clusters which can help solve problems or bugs that are related to application design and architecture. For instance, Ops can reproduce an issue in a multi node cluster environment, Testers can deploy multiple versions of an application for executing test cases and verifying changes. These benefits enable teams to resolve issues faster which make the more agile. 

## Why use Vagrant and Ansible?
Vagrant is a tool that will allow us to create a virtual environment easily and it eliminates pitfalls that cause the works-on-my-machine phenomenon. It can be used with multiple providers such as Oracle VirtualBox, VMware, Docker, and so on. It allows us to create a disposable environment by making use of configuration files. 

Ansible is an infrastructure automation engine that automates software configuration management. It is agentless and allows us to use SSH keys for connecting to remote machines. Ansible playbooks are written in yaml and offer inventory management in simple text files.


### Prerequisites
- Vagrant should be installed on your machine. Installation binaries can be found [here](https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html).
- Oracle VirtualBox can be used as a Vagrant provider or make use of similar providers as described in Vagrant's official [documentation](https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/providers/).
- Ansible should be installed in your machine. Refer to the [Ansible installation guide](https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/installation_guide/intro_installation.html) for platform specific installation.

## Setup overview
We will be setting up a Kubernetes cluster that will consist of one master and two worker nodes. All the nodes will run Ubuntu Xenial 64-bit OS and Ansible playbooks will be used for provisioning.

#### Step 1: Creating a Vagrantfile
Use the text editor of your choice and create a file with named `Vagrantfile`, inserting the code below. The value of N denotes the number of nodes present in the cluster, it can be modified accordingly. In the below example, we are setting the value of N as 2.

```ruby
IMAGE_NAME = "bento/ubuntu-16.04"
N = 2

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
    config.ssh.insert_key = false

    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |v|
        v.memory = 1024
        v.cpus = 2
    end
      
    config.vm.define "k8s-master" do |master|
        master.vm.box = IMAGE_NAME
        master.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.50.10"
        master.vm.hostname = "k8s-master"
        master.vm.provision "ansible" do |ansible|
            ansible.playbook = "kubernetes-setup/master-playbook.yml"
            ansible.extra_vars = {
                node_ip: "192.168.50.10",
            }
        end
    end

    (1..N).each do |i|
        config.vm.define "node-#{i}" do |node|
            node.vm.box = IMAGE_NAME
            node.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.50.#{i + 10}"
            node.vm.hostname = "node-#{i}"
            node.vm.provision "ansible" do |ansible|
                ansible.playbook = "kubernetes-setup/node-playbook.yml"
                ansible.extra_vars = {
                    node_ip: "192.168.50.#{i + 10}",
                }
            end
        end
    end
```

### Step 2: Create an Ansible playbook for Kubernetes master.
Create a directory named `kubernetes-setup` in the same directory as the `Vagrantfile`. Create two files named `master-playbook.yml` and `node-playbook.yml` in the directory `kubernetes-setup`.

In the file `master-playbook.yml`, add the code below.

#### Step 2.1: Install Docker and its dependent components.

We will be installing the following packages, and then adding a user named “vagrant” to the “docker” group.
- docker-ce
- docker-ce-cli
- containerd.io

```yaml
---
- hosts: all
  become: true
  tasks:
  - name: Install packages that allow apt to be used over HTTPS
    apt:
      name: "{{ packages }}"
      state: present
      update_cache: yes
    vars:
      packages:
      - apt-transport-https
      - ca-certificates
      - curl
      - gnupg-agent
      - software-properties-common

  - name: Add an apt signing key for Docker
    apt_key:
      url: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg
      state: present

  - name: Add apt repository for stable version
    apt_repository:
      repo: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial stable
      state: present

  - name: Install docker and its dependecies
    apt: 
      name: "{{ packages }}"
      state: present
      update_cache: yes
    vars:
      packages:
      - docker-ce 
      - docker-ce-cli 
      - containerd.io
    notify:
      - docker status

  - name: Add vagrant user to docker group
    user:
      name: vagrant
      group: docker
```

#### Step 2.2: Kubelet will not start if the system has swap enabled, so we are disabling swap using the below code.

```yaml
  - name: Remove swapfile from /etc/fstab
    mount:
      name: "{{ item }}"
      fstype: swap
      state: absent
    with_items:
      - swap
      - none

  - name: Disable swap
    command: swapoff -a
    when: ansible_swaptotal_mb > 0
```

#### Step 2.3: Installing kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl using the below code.

```yaml
  - name: Add an apt signing key for Kubernetes
    apt_key:
      url: https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg
      state: present

  - name: Adding apt repository for Kubernetes
    apt_repository:
      repo: deb https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main
      state: present
      filename: kubernetes.list

  - name: Install Kubernetes binaries
    apt: 
      name: "{{ packages }}"
      state: present
      update_cache: yes
    vars:
      packages:
        - kubelet 
        - kubeadm 
        - kubectl

  - name: Configure node ip
    lineinfile:
      path: /etc/default/kubelet
      line: KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS=--node-ip={{ node_ip }}

  - name: Restart kubelet
    service:
      name: kubelet
      daemon_reload: yes
      state: restarted
```

#### Step 2.3: Initialize the Kubernetes cluster with kubeadm using the below code (applicable only on master node).

```yaml
  - name: Initialize the Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm
    command: kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address="192.168.50.10" --apiserver-cert-extra-sans="192.168.50.10"  --node-name k8s-master --pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16
```

#### Step 2.4: Setup the kube config file for the vagrant user to access the Kubernetes cluster using the below code.

```yaml
  - name: Setup kubeconfig for vagrant user
    command: "{{ item }}"
    with_items:
     - mkdir -p /home/vagrant/.kube
     - cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf /home/vagrant/.kube/config
     - chown vagrant:vagrant /home/vagrant/.kube/config
```

#### Step 2.5: Setup the container networking provider and the network policy engine using the below code.

```yaml
  - name: Install calico pod network
    become: false
    command: kubectl create -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.4/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/calico.yaml
```

#### Step 2.6: Generate kube join command for joining the node to the Kubernetes cluster and store the command in the file named `join-command`.

```yaml
  - name: Generate join command
    command: kubeadm token create --print-join-command
    register: join_command

  - name: Copy join command to local file
    local_action: copy content="{{ join_command.stdout_lines[0] }}" dest="./join-command"
```

#### Step 2.7: Setup a handler for checking Docker daemon using the below code.

```yaml
  handlers:
    - name: docker status
      service: name=docker state=started
```

#### Step 3: Create the Ansible playbook for Kubernetes node.
Create a file named `node-playbook.yml` in the directory `kubernetes-setup`.

Add the code below into `node-playbook.yml`

#### Step 3.1: Start adding the code from Steps 2.1 till 2.3.

#### Step 3.2: Join the nodes to the Kubernetes cluster using below code.

```yaml
  - name: Copy the join command to server location
    copy: src=join-command dest=/tmp/join-command.sh mode=0777

  - name: Join the node to cluster
    command: sh /tmp/join-command.sh
```

#### Step 3.3: Add the code from step 2.7 to finish this playbook.

#### Step 4: Upon completing the Vagrantfile and playbooks follow the below steps.

```shell
$ cd /path/to/Vagrantfile
$ vagrant up
```

Upon completion of all the above steps, the Kubernetes cluster should be up and running.
We can login to the master or worker nodes using Vagrant as follows:

```shell
$ ## Accessing master
$ vagrant ssh k8s-master
vagrant@k8s-master:~$ kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    master   18m     v1.13.3
node-1       Ready    <none>   12m     v1.13.3
node-2       Ready    <none>   6m22s   v1.13.3

$ ## Accessing nodes
$ vagrant ssh node-1
$ vagrant ssh node-2
```