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Merge pull request #33558 from JarHMJ/content/zh/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes.md 

[zh] sync v1.24 concepts-6
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@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ The graceful node shutdown feature depends on systemd since it takes advantage o
[systemd inhibitor locks](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/inhibit/) to
delay the node shutdown with a given duration.
-->
体面节点关闭特性依赖于 systemd，因为它要利用
节点体面关闭特性依赖于 systemd，因为它要利用
[systemd 抑制器锁](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/inhibit/)机制，
在给定的期限内延迟节点关闭。
@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ Graceful node shutdown is controlled with the `GracefulNodeShutdown`
[feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/) which is
enabled by default in 1.21.
-->
体面节点关闭特性受 `GracefulNodeShutdown`
节点体面关闭特性受 `GracefulNodeShutdown`
[特性门控](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/)控制，
在 1.21 版本中是默认启用的。
@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ thus not activating the graceful node shutdown functionality.
To activate the feature, the two kubelet config settings should be configured appropriately and set to non-zero values.
-->
注意，默认情况下，下面描述的两个配置选项，`shutdownGracePeriod` 和
`shutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods` 都是被设置为 0 的，因此不会激活体面节点关闭功能。
`shutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods` 都是被设置为 0 的，因此不会激活节点体面关闭功能。
要激活此功能特性，这两个 kubelet 配置选项要适当配置，并设置为非零值。
<!--
@ -832,10 +832,98 @@ Message: Pod was terminated in response to imminent node shutdown.
```
{{< /note >}}
<!--
## Non Graceful node shutdown {#non-graceful-node-shutdown}
-->
## 节点非体面关闭 {#non-graceful-node-shutdown}
{{< feature-state state="alpha" for_k8s_version="v1.24" >}}
<!--
A node shutdown action may not be detected by kubelet's Node Shutdown Mananger,
either because the command does not trigger the inhibitor locks mechanism used by
kubelet or because of a user error, i.e., the ShutdownGracePeriod and
ShutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods are not configured properly. Please refer to above
section [Graceful Node Shutdown](#graceful-node-shutdown) for more details.
-->
节点关闭的操作可能无法被 kubelet 的节点关闭管理器检测到，
是因为该命令不会触发 kubelet 所使用的抑制锁定机制，或者是因为用户错误的原因，
即 ShutdownGracePeriod 和 ShutdownGracePeriodCriticalPod 配置不正确。
请参考以上[节点体面关闭](#graceful-node-shutdown)部分了解更多详细信息。
<!--
When a node is shutdown but not detected by kubelet's Node Shutdown Manager, the pods
that are part of a StatefulSet will be stuck in terminating status on
the shutdown node and cannot move to a new running node. This is because kubelet on
the shutdown node is not available to delete the pods so the StatefulSet cannot
create a new pod with the same name. If there are volumes used by the pods, the
VolumeAttachments will not be deleted from the original shutdown node so the volumes
used by these pods cannot be attached to a new running node. As a result, the
application running on the StatefulSet cannot function properly. If the original
shutdown node comes up, the pods will be deleted by kubelet and new pods will be
created on a different running node. If the original shutdown node does not come up,
these pods will be stuck in terminating status on the shutdown node forever.
-->
当某节点关闭但 kubelet 的节点关闭管理器未检测到这一事件时，
在那个已关闭节点上、属于 StatefulSet 的 Pod 将停滞于终止状态，并且不能移动到新的运行节点上。
这是因为已关闭节点上的 kubelet 已不存在，亦无法删除 Pod，
因此 StatefulSet 无法创建同名的新 Pod。
如果 Pod 使用了卷，则 VolumeAttachments 不会从原来的已关闭节点上删除，
因此这些 Pod 所使用的卷也无法挂接到新的运行节点上。
所以，那些以 StatefulSet 形式运行的应用无法正常工作。
如果原来的已关闭节点被恢复，kubelet 将删除 Pod，新的 Pod 将被在不同的运行节点上创建。
如果原来的已关闭节点没有被恢复，那些在已关闭节点上的 Pod 将永远滞留在终止状态。
<!--
To mitigate the above situation, a user can manually add the taint `node
kubernetes.io/out-of-service` with either `NoExecute` or `NoSchedule` effect to
a Node marking it out-of-service.
If the `NodeOutOfServiceVolumeDetach` [feature gate](/docs/reference/
command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/) is enabled on
`kube-controller-manager`, and a Node is marked out-of-service with this taint, the
pods on the node will be forcefully deleted if there are no matching tolerations on
it and volume detach operations for the pods terminating on the node will happen
immediately. This allows the Pods on the out-of-service node to recover quickly on a
different node.
-->
为了缓解上述情况，用户可以手动将具有 `NoExecute` 或 `NoSchedule` 效果的
`node kubernetes.io/out-of-service` 污点添加到节点上，标记其无法提供服务。
如果在 `kube-controller-manager` 上启用了 `NodeOutOfServiceVolumeDetach`
[特性门控](/zh/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/)，
并且节点被通过污点标记为无法提供服务，如果节点 Pod 上没有设置对应的容忍度，
那么这样的 Pod 将被强制删除，并且该在节点上被终止的 Pod 将立即进行卷分离操作。
这样就允许那些在无法提供服务节点上的 Pod 能在其他节点上快速恢复。
<!--
During a non-graceful shutdown, Pods are terminated in the two phases:
1. Force delete the Pods that do not have matching `out-of-service` tolerations.
2. Immediately perform detach volume operation for such pods.
-->
在非体面关闭期间，Pod 分两个阶段终止：
1. 强制删除没有匹配的 `out-of-service` 容忍度的 Pod。
2. 立即对此类 Pod 执行分离卷操作。
<!--
{{< note >}}
- Before adding the taint `node.kubernetes.io/out-of-service` , it should be verified
that the node is already in shutdown or power off state (not in the middle of
restarting).
- The user is required to manually remove the out-of-service taint after the pods are
moved to a new node and the user has checked that the shutdown node has been
recovered since the user was the one who originally added the taint.
{{< /note >}}
-->
{{< note >}}
- 在添加 `node.kubernetes.io/out-of-service` 污点之前，应该验证节点已经处于关闭或断电状态（而不是在重新启动中）。
- 将 Pod 移动到新节点后，用户需要手动移除停止服务的污点，并且用户要检查关闭节点是否已恢复，因为该用户是最初添加污点的用户。
{{< /note >}}
<!--
### Pod Priority based graceful node shutdown {#pod-priority-graceful-node-shutdown}
-->
### 基于 Pod 优先级的体面节点关闭 {#pod-priority-graceful-node-shutdown}
### 基于 Pod 优先级的节点体面关闭 {#pod-priority-graceful-node-shutdown}
{{< feature-state state="alpha" for_k8s_version="v1.23" >}}
@ -847,11 +935,11 @@ allows cluster administers to explicitly define the ordering of pods
during graceful node shutdown based on
[priority classes](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/pod-priority-preemption/#priorityclass).
-->
为了在体面节点关闭期间提供更多的灵活性，尤其是处理关闭期间的 Pod 排序问题，
体面节点关闭机制能够关注 Pod 的 PriorityClass 设置，前提是你已经在集群中启用了此功能特性。
为了在节点体面关闭期间提供更多的灵活性，尤其是处理关闭期间的 Pod 排序问题，
节点体面关闭机制能够关注 Pod 的 PriorityClass 设置，前提是你已经在集群中启用了此功能特性。
此功能特性允许集群管理员基于 Pod
的[优先级类（Priority Class）](/zh/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/pod-priority-preemption/#priorityclass)
显式地定义体面节点关闭期间 Pod 的处理顺序。
显式地定义节点体面关闭期间 Pod 的处理顺序。
<!--
The [Graceful Node Shutdown](#graceful-node-shutdown) feature, as described
@ -860,7 +948,7 @@ pods. If additional flexibility is needed to explicitly define the ordering of
pods during shutdown in a more granular way, pod priority based graceful
shutdown can be used.
-->
前文所述的[体面节点关闭](#graceful-node-shutdown)特性能够分两个阶段关闭 Pod，
前文所述的[节点体面关闭](#graceful-node-shutdown)特性能够分两个阶段关闭 Pod，
首先关闭的是非关键的 Pod，之后再处理关键 Pod。
如果需要显式地以更细粒度定义关闭期间 Pod 的处理顺序，需要一定的灵活度，
这时可以使用基于 Pod 优先级的体面关闭机制。
@ -871,7 +959,7 @@ graceful node shutdown in multiple phases, each phase shutting down a
particular priority class of pods. The kubelet can be configured with the exact
phases and shutdown time per phase.
-->
当体面节点关闭能够处理 Pod 优先级时，体面节点关闭的处理可以分为多个阶段，
当节点体面关闭能够处理 Pod 优先级时，节点体面关闭的处理可以分为多个阶段，
每个阶段关闭特定优先级类的 Pod。kubelet 可以被配置为按确切的阶段处理 Pod，
且每个阶段可以独立设置关闭时间。
@ -961,17 +1049,33 @@ kubelet 会直接跳到下一个优先级数值范围进行处理。
If this feature is enabled and no configuration is provided, then no ordering
action will be taken.
Using this feature, requires enabling the
`GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority` feature gate, and setting the kubelet
config's `ShutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority` to the desired configuration
containing the pod priority class values and their respective shutdown periods.
Using this feature requires enabling the `GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority`
[feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/)
, and setting `ShutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority` in the
[kubelet config](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1/)
to the desired configuration containing the pod priority class values and
their respective shutdown periods.
-->
如果此功能特性被启用，但没有提供配置数据，则不会出现排序操作。
使用此功能特性需要启用 `GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority` 特性门控，
并将 kubelet 配置中的 `shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority` 设置为期望的配置，
使用此功能特性需要启用 `GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority`
[特性门控](/zh/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/)，
并将 [kubelet 配置](/zh/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1/)
中的 `shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority` 设置为期望的配置，
其中包含 Pod 的优先级类数值以及对应的关闭期限。
<!--
{{< note >}}
The ability to take Pod priority into account during graceful node shutdown was introduced
as an Alpha feature in Kubernetes v1.23. In Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}
the feature is Beta and is enabled by default.
{{< /note >}}
-->
{{< note >}}
在节点体面关闭期间考虑 Pod 优先级的能力是作为 Kubernetes v1.23 中的 Alpha 功能引入的。
在 Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}} 中该功能是 Beta 版，默认启用。
{{< /note >}}
<!--
Metrics `graceful_shutdown_start_time_seconds` and `graceful_shutdown_end_time_seconds`
are emitted under the kubelet subsystem to monitor node shutdowns.

109
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@ -12,37 +12,40 @@ weight: 10
<!-- overview -->
<!--
Network plugins in Kubernetes come in a few flavors:
* CNI plugins: adhere to the [Container Network Interface](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) (CNI) specification, designed for interoperability.
* Kubernetes follows the [v0.4.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v0.4.0/SPEC.md) release of the CNI specification.
* Kubenet plugin: implements basic `cbr0` using the `bridge` and `host-local` CNI plugins
<!--
Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}} supports [Container Network Interface](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni)
(CNI) plugins for cluster networking. You must use a CNI plugin that is compatible with your cluster and that suits your needs. Different plugins are available (both open- and closed- source) in the wider Kubernetes ecosystem.
-->
Kubernetes中的网络插件有几种类型：
Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}} 支持[容器网络接口](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) (CNI) 集群网络插件。
你必须使用和你的集群相兼容并且满足你的需求的 CNI 插件。
在更广泛的 Kubernetes 生态系统中你可以使用不同的插件（开源和闭源）。
* CNI 插件：遵守[容器网络接口（Container Network Interface，CNI）](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni)
规范，其设计上偏重互操作性。
* Kubernetes 遵从 CNI 规范的
[v0.4.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v0.4.0/SPEC.md)
版本。
* Kubenet 插件：使用 `bridge` 和 `host-local` CNI 插件实现了基本的 `cbr0`。
<!--
You must use a CNI plugin that is compatible with the
[v0.4.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v0.4.0/SPEC.md) or later
releases of the CNI specification. The Kubernetes project recommends using a plugin that is
compatible with the [v1.0.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v1.0.0/SPEC.md)
CNI specification (plugins can be compatible with multiple spec versions).
-->
你必须使用与 [v0.4.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v0.4.0/SPEC.md)
或更高版本的 CNI 规范相符合的 CNI 插件。
Kubernetes 推荐使用一个兼容 [v1.0.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v1.0.0/SPEC.md)
CNI 规范的插件（插件可以兼容多个规范版本）。
<!-- body -->
<!--
## Installation
The kubelet has a single default network plugin, and a default network common to the entire cluster. It probes for plugins when it starts up, remembers what it finds, and executes the selected plugin at appropriate times in the pod lifecycle (this is only true for Docker, as CRI manages its own CNI plugins). There are two Kubelet command line parameters to keep in mind when using plugins:
A CNI plugin is required to implement the [Kubernetes network model](/docs/concepts/services-networking/#the-kubernetes-network-model). The CRI manages its own CNI plugins. There are two Kubelet command line parameters to keep in mind when using plugins:
* `cni-bin-dir`: Kubelet probes this directory for plugins on startup
* `network-plugin`: The network plugin to use from `cni-bin-dir`. It must match the name reported by a plugin probed from the plugin directory. For CNI plugins, this is "cni".
-->
## 安装
kubelet 有一个单独的默认网络插件，以及一个对整个集群通用的默认网络。
它在启动时探测插件，记住找到的内容，并在 Pod 生命周期的适当时间执行
所选插件（这仅适用于 Docker，因为 CRI 管理自己的 CNI 插件）。
CNI 插件需要实现 [Kubernetes 网络模型](/zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/#the-kubernetes-network-model)。
CRI 管理它自己的 CNI 插件。
在使用插件时，需要记住两个 kubelet 命令行参数：
* `cni-bin-dir`： kubelet 在启动时探测这个目录中的插件
@ -213,88 +216,16 @@ metadata:
kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth: 1M
...
```
<!--
### kubenet
Kubenet is a very basic, simple network plugin, on Linux only. It does not, of itself, implement more advanced features like cross-node networking or network policy. It is typically used together with a cloud provider that sets up routing rules for communication between nodes, or in single-node environments.
Kubenet creates a Linux bridge named `cbr0` and creates a veth pair for each pod with the host end of each pair connected to `cbr0`. The pod end of the pair is assigned an IP address allocated from a range assigned to the node either through configuration or by the controller-manager. `cbr0` is assigned an MTU matching the smallest MTU of an enabled normal interface on the host.
The plugin requires a few things:
* The standard CNI `bridge`, `lo` and `host-local` plugins are required, at minimum version 0.2.0. Kubenet will first search for them in `/opt/cni/bin`. Specify `cni-bin-dir` to supply additional search path. The first found match will take effect.
* Kubelet must be run with the `--network-plugin=kubenet` argument to enable the plugin
* Kubelet should also be run with the `--non-masquerade-cidr=<clusterCidr>` argument to ensure traffic to IPs outside this range will use IP masquerade.
* The node must be assigned an IP subnet through either the `--pod-cidr` kubelet command-line option or the `--allocate-node-cidrs=true -cluster-cidr=<cidr>` controller-manager command-line options.
-->
### kubenet
Kubenet 是一个非常基本的、简单的网络插件，仅适用于 Linux。
它本身并不实现更高级的功能，如跨节点网络或网络策略。
它通常与云驱动一起使用，云驱动为节点间或单节点环境中的通信设置路由规则。
Kubenet 创建名为 `cbr0` 的网桥，并为每个 pod 创建了一个 veth 对，
每个 Pod 的主机端都连接到 `cbr0`。
这个 veth 对的 Pod 端会被分配一个 IP 地址，该 IP 地址隶属于节点所被分配的 IP
地址范围内。节点的 IP 地址范围则通过配置或控制器管理器来设置。
`cbr0` 被分配一个 MTU，该 MTU 匹配主机上已启用的正常接口的最小 MTU。
使用此插件还需要一些其他条件：
* 需要标准的 CNI `bridge`、`lo` 以及 `host-local` 插件，最低版本是0.2.0。
kubenet 首先在 `/opt/cni/bin` 中搜索它们。 指定 `cni-bin-dir` 以提供
其它搜索路径。首次找到的匹配将生效。
* Kubelet 必须和 `--network-plugin=kubenet` 参数一起运行，才能启用该插件。
* Kubelet 还应该和 `--non-masquerade-cidr=<clusterCidr>` 参数一起运行，
以确保超出此范围的 IP 流量将使用 IP 伪装。
* 节点必须被分配一个 IP 子网，通过kubelet 命令行的 `--pod-cidr` 选项或
控制器管理器的命令行选项 `--allocate-node-cidrs=true --cluster-cidr=<cidr>`
来设置。
<!--
### Customizing the MTU (with kubenet)
The MTU should always be configured correctly to get the best networking performance. Network plugins will usually try
to infer a sensible MTU, but sometimes the logic will not result in an optimal MTU. For example, if the
Docker bridge or another interface has a small MTU, kubenet will currently select that MTU. Or if you are
using IPSEC encapsulation, the MTU must be reduced, and this calculation is out-of-scope for
most network plugins.
Where needed, you can specify the MTU explicitly with the `network-plugin-mtu` kubelet option. For example,
on AWS the `eth0` MTU is typically 9001, so you might specify `--network-plugin-mtu=9001`. If you're using IPSEC you
might reduce it to allow for encapsulation overhead e.g. `--network-plugin-mtu=8873`.
This option is provided to the network-plugin; currently **only kubenet supports `network-plugin-mtu`**.
-->
### 自定义 MTU（使用 kubenet）
要获得最佳的网络性能，必须确保 MTU 的取值配置正确。
网络插件通常会尝试推断出一个合理的 MTU，但有时候这个逻辑不会产生一个最优的 MTU。
例如，如果 Docker 网桥或其他接口有一个小的 MTU, kubenet 当前将选择该 MTU。
或者如果你正在使用 IPSEC 封装，则必须减少 MTU，并且这种计算超出了大多数网络插件的能力范围。
如果需要，你可以使用 `network-plugin-mtu` kubelet 选项显式的指定 MTU。
例如：在 AWS 上 `eth0` MTU 通常是 9001，因此你可以指定 `--network-plugin-mtu=9001`。
如果你正在使用 IPSEC ，你可以减少它以允许封装开销，例如 `--network-plugin-mtu=8873`。
此选项会传递给网络插件； 当前 **仅 kubenet 支持 `network-plugin-mtu`**。
<!--
## Usage Summary
* `--network-plugin=cni` specifies that we use the `cni` network plugin with actual CNI plugin binaries located in `--cni-bin-dir` (default `/opt/cni/bin`) and CNI plugin configuration located in `--cni-conf-dir` (default `/etc/cni/net.d`).
* `--network-plugin=kubenet` specifies that we use the `kubenet` network plugin with CNI `bridge`, `lo` and `host-local` plugins placed in `/opt/cni/bin` or `cni-bin-dir`.
* `--network-plugin-mtu=9001` specifies the MTU to use, currently only used by the `kubenet` network plugin.
-->
## 用法总结
* `--network-plugin=cni` 用来表明我们要使用 `cni` 网络插件，实际的 CNI 插件
可执行文件位于 `--cni-bin-dir`（默认是 `/opt/cni/bin`）下， CNI 插件配置位于
`--cni-conf-dir`（默认是 `/etc/cni/net.d`）下。
* `--network-plugin=kubenet` 用来表明我们要使用 `kubenet` 网络插件，CNI `bridge`，`lo`
和 `host-local` 插件位于 `/opt/cni/bin` 或 `cni-bin-dir` 中。
* `--network-plugin-mtu=9001` 指定了我们使用的 MTU，当前仅被 `kubenet` 网络插件使用。
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}