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Merge branch 'master' into dev-1.17-ja.3

pull/22796/head
inductor(Kohei) 2020-07-27 16:59:09 +09:00 committed by GitHub
parent 52ba94096c f2ff9c02ac
commit 4a75904cba
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1344 changed files with 41372 additions and 23746 deletions
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4
Dockerfile
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@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache \
openssh-client \
rsync \
build-base \
libc6-compat
libc6-compat \
npm && \
npm install -G autoprefixer postcss-cli
ARG HUGO_VERSION

21
Makefile
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@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ NETLIFY_FUNC = $(NODE_BIN)/netlify-lambda
# The CONTAINER_ENGINE variable is used for specifying the container engine. By default 'docker' is used
# but this can be overridden when calling make, e.g.
# CONTAINER_ENGINE=podman make container-image
# CONTAINER_ENGINE=podman make container-image
CONTAINER_ENGINE ?= docker
CONTAINER_IMAGE = kubernetes-hugo
IMAGE_VERSION=$(shell scripts/hash-files.sh Dockerfile Makefile | cut -c 1-12)
CONTAINER_IMAGE = kubernetes-hugo:v$(HUGO_VERSION)-$(IMAGE_VERSION)
CONTAINER_RUN = $(CONTAINER_ENGINE) run --rm --interactive --tty --volume $(CURDIR):/src
CCRED=\033[0;31m
@ -17,12 +18,15 @@ CCEND=\033[0m
help: ## Show this help.
@awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "} /^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## / {sub("\\\\n",sprintf("\n%22c"," "), $$2);printf "\033[36m%-20s\033[0m %s\n", $$1, $$2}' $(MAKEFILE_LIST)
module-check:
@git submodule status --recursive | awk '/^[+-]/ {printf "\033[31mWARNING\033[0m Submodule not initialized: \033[34m%s\033[0m\n",$$2}' 1>&2
all: build ## Build site with production settings and put deliverables in ./public
build: ## Build site with production settings and put deliverables in ./public
build: module-check ## Build site with production settings and put deliverables in ./public
hugo --minify
build-preview: ## Build site with drafts and future posts enabled
build-preview: module-check ## Build site with drafts and future posts enabled
hugo --buildDrafts --buildFuture
deploy-preview: ## Deploy preview site via netlify
@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ production-build: build check-headers-file ## Build the production site and ensu
non-production-build: ## Build the non-production site, which adds noindex headers to prevent indexing
hugo --enableGitInfo
serve: ## Boot the development server.
serve: module-check ## Boot the development server.
hugo server --buildFuture
docker-image:
@ -60,10 +64,10 @@ container-image:
--tag $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) \
--build-arg HUGO_VERSION=$(HUGO_VERSION)
container-build:
$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) hugo
container-build: module-check
$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) hugo --minify
container-serve:
container-serve: module-check
$(CONTAINER_RUN) --mount type=tmpfs,destination=/src/resources,tmpfs-mode=0755 -p 1313:1313 $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) hugo server --buildFuture --bind 0.0.0.0
test-examples:
@ -81,4 +85,3 @@ docker-internal-linkcheck:
container-internal-linkcheck: link-checker-image-pull
$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) hugo --config config.toml,linkcheck-config.toml --buildFuture
$(CONTAINER_ENGINE) run --mount type=bind,source=$(CURDIR),target=/test --rm wjdp/htmltest htmltest

28
OWNERS_ALIASES
View File

@ -1,21 +1,4 @@
aliases:
sig-cluster-lifecycle-kubeadm-approvers: # Approving changes to kubeadm documentation
- timothysc
- lukemarsden
- luxas
- fabriziopandini
sig-cluster-lifecycle-kubeadm-reviewers: # Reviewing kubeadm documentation
- timothysc
- lukemarsden
- luxas
- fabriziopandini
- kad
- xiangpengzhao
- stealthybox
- liztio
- chuckha
- detiber
- dixudx
sig-docs-blog-owners: # Approvers for blog content
- castrojo
- kbarnard10
@ -40,30 +23,28 @@ aliases:
- rlenferink
sig-docs-en-owners: # Admins for English content
- bradtopol
- daminisatya
- celestehorgan
- jimangel
- kbarnard10
- kbhawkey
- makoscafee
- onlydole
- Rajakavitha1
- savitharaghunathan
- sftim
- steveperry-53
- tengqm
- vineethreddy02
- xiangpengzhao
- zacharysarah
- zparnold
sig-docs-en-reviews: # PR reviews for English content
- bradtopol
- celestehorgan
- daminisatya
- jimangel
- kbarnard10
- kbhawkey
- makoscafee
- onlydole
- rajakavitha1
- rajeshdeshpande02
- sftim
- steveperry-53
@ -111,12 +92,10 @@ aliases:
- avidLearnerInProgress
- daminisatya
- mittalyashu
- Rajakavitha1
sig-docs-hi-reviews: # PR reviews for Hindi content
- avidLearnerInProgress
- daminisatya
- mittalyashu
- Rajakavitha1
sig-docs-id-owners: # Admins for Indonesian content
- girikuncoro
- irvifa
@ -125,6 +104,7 @@ aliases:
- irvifa
- wahyuoi
- phanama
- danninov
sig-docs-it-owners: # Admins for Italian content
- fabriziopandini
- mattiaperi
@ -233,4 +213,4 @@ aliases:
- butuzov
- idvoretskyi
- MaxymVlasov
- Potapy4
- Potapy4

2
README-de.md
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Weitere Informationen zum Beitrag zur Kubernetes-Dokumentation finden Sie unter:
* [Mitwirkung beginnen](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Ihre Dokumentationsänderungen bereitstellen](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Seitenvorlagen verwenden](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Seitenvorlagen verwenden](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [Dokumentationsstil-Handbuch](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Übersetzung der Kubernetes-Dokumentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)

2
README-es.md
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Para obtener más información sobre cómo contribuir a la documentación de Kub
* [Empezando a contribuir](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Visualizando sus cambios en su entorno local](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Utilizando las plantillas de las páginas](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Utilizando las plantillas de las páginas](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [Guía de estilo de la documentación](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Traduciendo la documentación de Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)

2
README-fr.md
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Pour plus d'informations sur la contribution à la documentation Kubernetes, voi
* [Commencez à contribuer](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Apperçu des modifications apportées à votre documentation](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Utilisation des modèles de page](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Utilisation des modèles de page](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [Documentation Style Guide](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Traduction de la documentation Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)

32
README-ja.md
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@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
# Kubernetesのドキュメント
[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website)
[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
[![Netlify Status](https://api.netlify.com/api/v1/badges/be93b718-a6df-402a-b4a4-855ba186c97d/deploy-status)](https://app.netlify.com/sites/kubernetes-io-master-staging/deploys) [![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
このリポジトリには、[KubernetesのWebサイトとドキュメント](https://kubernetes.io/)をビルドするために必要な全アセットが格納されています。貢献に興味を持っていただきありがとうございます！
@ -14,7 +13,20 @@ Hugoがインストールできたら、以下のコマンドを使ってWebサ
```bash
git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/website.git
cd website
git submodule update --init --recursive
git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
```
**注意:** Kubernetesのウェブサイトでは[DocsyというHugoのテーマ](https://github.com/google/docsy#readme)を使用しています。リポジトリを更新していない場合、 `website/themes/docsy`ディレクトリは空です。 このサイトはテーマのローカルコピーなしでは構築できません。
テーマをアップデートするには以下のコマンドを実行します:
```bash
git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
```
サイトをローカルでビルドしてテストするには以下のコマンドを実行します:
```bash
hugo server --buildFuture
```
@ -33,17 +45,17 @@ hugo server --buildFuture
GitHubの画面右上にある**Fork**ボタンをクリックすると、お使いのGitHubアカウントに紐付いた本リポジトリのコピーが作成され、このコピーのことを*フォーク*と呼びます。フォークリポジトリの中ではお好きなように変更を加えていただいて構いません。加えた変更をこのリポジトリに追加したい任意のタイミングにて、フォークリポジトリからPull Reqeustを作成してください。
Pull Requestが作成されると、レビュー担当者が責任を持って明確かつ実用的なフィードバックを返します。
Pull Requestの所有者は作成者であるため、**ご自身で作成したPull Requestを編集し、フィードバックに対応するのはご自身の役目です。**
Pull Requestが作成されると、レビュー担当者が責任を持って明確かつ実用的なフィードバックを返します。Pull Requestの所有者は作成者であるため、**ご自身で作成したPull Requestを編集し、フィードバックに対応するのはご自身の役目です。**
また、状況によっては2人以上のレビュアーからフィードバックが返されたり、アサインされていないレビュー担当者からのフィードバックが来ることがある点もご注意ください。
さらに、特定のケースにおいては、レビュー担当者がKubernetesの技術的なレビュアーに対してレビューを依頼することもあります。
レビュー担当者はタイムリーにフィードバックを提供するために最善を尽くしますが、応答時間は状況に応じて異なる場合があります。
さらに、特定のケースにおいては、レビュー担当者がKubernetesの技術的なレビュアーに対してレビューを依頼することもあります。レビュー担当者はタイムリーにフィードバックを提供するために最善を尽くしますが、応答時間は状況に応じて異なる場合があります。
Kubernetesのドキュメントへの貢献に関する詳細については以下のページをご覧ください:
* [Kubernetesのドキュメントへの貢献](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/)
* [ページテンプレートの使い方](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [ドキュメントのスタイルガイド](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Kubernetesのドキュメントへの貢献](https://kubernetes.io/ja/docs/contribute/)
* [ページコンテントタイプ](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [ドキュメントのスタイルガイド](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Kubernetesドキュメントの翻訳方法](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
## 翻訳された`README.md`一覧

2
README-uk.md
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@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ hugo server --buildFuture
Більше інформації про внесок у документацію Kubernetes ви знайдете у наступних джерелах:
* [Внесок: з чого почати](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/)
* [Використання шаблонів сторінок](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Використання шаблонів сторінок](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [Керівництво зі стилю оформлення документації](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Переклад документації Kubernetes іншими мовами](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)

256
README-zh.md
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@ -1,74 +1,139 @@
# Kubernetes 文档
<!--
# The Kubernetes documentation
-->
-->
[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website)
[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
[![Netlify Status](https://api.netlify.com/api/v1/badges/be93b718-a6df-402a-b4a4-855ba186c97d/deploy-status)](https://app.netlify.com/sites/kubernetes-io-master-staging/deploys) [![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
<!--
Welcome! This repository houses all of the assets required to build the [Kubernetes website and documentation](https://kubernetes.io/).
We're glad that you want to contribute!
-->
欢迎！本仓库包含了所有用于构建 [Kubernetes 网站和文档](https://kubernetes.io/)的内容。
This repository contains the assets required to build the [Kubernetes website and documentation](https://kubernetes.io/). We're glad that you want to contribute!
-->
本仓库包含了所有用于构建 [Kubernetes 网站和文档](https://kubernetes.io/) 的软件资产。
我们非常高兴您想要参与贡献！
<!--
## Running the website locally using Hugo
See the [official Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) for Hugo installation instructions. Make sure to install the Hugo extended version specified by the `HUGO_VERSION` environment variable in the [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L10) file.
-->
## 在本地使用 Hugo 来运行网站
请参考 [Hugo 的官方文档](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/)了解 Hugo 的安装指令。
请确保安装的是 [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L10) 文件中环境变量 `HUGO_VERSION` 所指定的
Hugo 扩展版本。
<!--
Before building the site, clone the Kubernetes website repository:
-->
在构造网站之前，先克隆 Kubernetes website 仓库：
```bash
git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/website.git
cd website
git submodule update --init --recursive
```
<!--
**Note:** The Kubernetes website deploys the [Docsy Hugo theme](https://github.com/google/docsy#readme).
If you have not updated your website repository, the `website/themes/docsy` directory is empty.
The site cannot build without a local copy of the theme.
Update the website theme:
-->
**注意：** Kubernetes 网站要部署 [Docsy Hugo 主题](https://github.com/google/docsy#readme).
如果你还没有更新你本地的 website 仓库，目录 `website/themes/docsy`
会是空目录。
在本地没有主题副本的情况下，网站无法正常构造。
使用下面的命令更新网站主题：
```bash
git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
```
<!--
To build and test the site locally, run:
-->
若要在本地构造和测试网站，请运行：
```bash
hugo server --buildFuture
```
<!--
This will start the local Hugo server on port 1313. Open up your browser to http://localhost:1313 to view the website. As you make changes to the source files, Hugo updates the website and forces a browser refresh.
-->
上述命令会在端口 1313 上启动本地 Hugo 服务器。
启动浏览器，打开 http://localhost:1313 来查看网站。
当你对源文件作出修改时，Hugo 会更新网站并强制浏览器执行刷新操作。
<!--
## Get involved with SIG Docs
Learn more about SIG Docs Kubernetes community and meetings on the [community page](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-docs#meetings).
You can also reach the maintainers of this project at:
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
- [Mailing List](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
-->
## 参与 SIG Docs 工作
通过 [社区页面](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-docs#meetings)
进一步了解 SIG Docs Kubernetes 社区和会议信息。
你也可以通过以下渠道联系本项目的维护人员：
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
- [邮件列表](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
<!--
## Contributing to the docs
-->
## 贡献文档
You can click the **Fork** button in the upper-right area of the screen to create a copy of this repository in your GitHub account. This copy is called a *fork*. Make any changes you want in your fork, and when you are ready to send those changes to us, go to your fork and create a new pull request to let us know about it.
Once your pull request is created, a Kubernetes reviewer will take responsibility for providing clear, actionable feedback. As the owner of the pull request, **it is your responsibility to modify your pull request to address the feedback that has been provided to you by the Kubernetes reviewer.**
-->
## 为文档做贡献
你也可以点击屏幕右上方区域的 **Fork** 按钮，在你自己的 GitHub
账号下创建本仓库的拷贝。此拷贝被称作 *fork*。
你可以在自己的拷贝中任意地修改文档，并在你已准备好将所作修改提交给我们时，
在你自己的拷贝下创建一个拉取请求（Pull Request），以便让我们知道。
一旦你创建了拉取请求，某个 Kubernetes 评审人会负责提供明确的、可执行的反馈意见。
作为拉取请求的拥有者，*修改拉取请求以解决 Kubernetes
评审人所提出的反馈是你的责任*。
<!--
You can click the **Fork** button in the upper-right area of the screen to create a copy of this repository in your GitHub account.
This copy is called a *fork*. Make any changes you want in your fork,
and when you are ready to send those changes to us, go to your fork and create a new pull request to let us know about it.
-->
您可以点击屏幕右上方的 **Fork** 按钮，在您的 GitHub 账户下创建一份本仓库的副本。这个副本叫做 *fork*。您可以对 fork 副本进行任意修改，
当准备好把修改提交给我们时，您可以通过创建一个 pull request 来告知我们。
<!--
Once your pull request is created, a Kubernetes reviewer will take responsibility for providing clear, actionable feedback.
As the owner of the pull request, **it is your responsibility to modify your pull request to address the feedback that has been provided to you by the Kubernetes reviewer.**
Also, note that you may end up having more than one Kubernetes reviewer provide you feedback or you may end up getting feedback from a Kubernetes reviewer that is different than the one initially assigned to provide you feedback.
Furthermore, in some cases, one of your reviewers might ask for a technical review from a [Kubernetes tech reviewer](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers) when needed.
Reviewers will do their best to provide feedback in a timely fashion but response time can vary based on circumstances.
-->
创建 pull request 后，Kubernetes 审核人员将负责提供清晰且可操作的反馈。作为 pull request 的所有者，**您有责任修改 pull request 以解决 Kubernetes 审核者提供给您的反馈。**
另请注意，您最终可能会收到多个 Kubernetes 审核人员为您提供的反馈，也可能出现后面 Kubernetes 审核人员的反馈与前面审核人员的反馈不尽相同的情况。
此外，在某些情况下，您的某位评审员可能会在需要时要求 [Kubernetes 技术评审员](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers) 进行技术评审。
审稿人将尽最大努力及时提供反馈，但响应时间可能因情况而异。
Furthermore, in some cases, one of your reviewers might ask for a technical review from a Kubernetes tech reviewer when needed. Reviewers will do their best to provide feedback in a timely fashion but response time can vary based on circumstances.
-->
还要提醒的一点，有时可能会有不止一个 Kubernetes 评审人为你提供反馈意见。
有时候，某个评审人的意见和另一个最初被指派的评审人的意见不同。
更进一步，在某些时候，评审人之一可能会在需要的时候请求 Kubernetes
技术评审人来执行技术评审。
评审人会尽力及时地提供反馈意见，不过具体的响应时间可能会因时而异。
<!--
For more information about contributing to the Kubernetes documentation, see:
* [Start contributing](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Staging Your Documentation Changes](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Using Page Templates](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Documentation Style Guide](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Contribute to Kubernetes docs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/)
* [Page Content Types](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [Documentation Style Guide](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Localizing Kubernetes Documentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
-->
-->
有关为 Kubernetes 文档做出贡献的更多信息，请参阅：
* [开始贡献](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [缓存您的文档变更](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [使用页面模版](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [贡献 Kubernetes 文档](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/)
* [页面内容类型](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-content-types/)
* [文档风格指南](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [本地化 Kubernetes 文档](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
<!--
## `README.md`'s Localizing Kubernetes Documentation
-->
## `README.md` 的本地化 Kubernetes 文档
<!--
### Korean
You can reach the maintainers of Korean localization at:
* June Yi ([GitHub - @gochist](https://github.com/gochist))
* [Slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/kubernetes-docs-ko)
-->
### 中文
## 中文本地化
可以通过以下方式联系中文本地化的维护人员：
@ -76,107 +141,20 @@ You can reach the maintainers of Korean localization at:
* He Xiaolong ([GitHub - @markthink](https://github.com/markthink))
* [Slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/kubernetes-docs-zh)
<!--
## Running the website locally using Docker
-->
## 在本地使用 docker 运行网站
<!--
The recommended way to run the Kubernetes website locally is to run a specialized [Docker](https://docker.com) image that includes the [Hugo](https://gohugo.io) static website generator.
-->
在本地运行 Kubernetes 网站的推荐方法是运行包含 [Hugo](https://gohugo.io) 静态网站生成器的专用 [Docker](https://docker.com) 镜像。
<!--
> If you are running on Windows, you'll need a few more tools which you can install with [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
-->
> 如果您使用的是 Windows，则需要一些工具，可以使用 [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org) 进行安装。`choco install make`
<!--
> If you'd prefer to run the website locally without Docker, see [Running the website locally using Hugo](#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo) below.
-->
> 如果您更喜欢在没有 Docker 的情况下在本地运行网站，请参阅下面的[使用 Hugo 在本地运行网站](#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo) 章节。
<!--
If you have Docker [up and running](https://www.docker.com/get-started), build the `kubernetes-hugo` Docker image locally:
-->
如果您已经[安装运行](https://www.docker.com/get-started)了 Docker，使用以下命令在本地构建 `kubernetes-hugo` Docker 镜像：
```bash
make docker-image
```
<!--
Once the image has been built, you can run the website locally:
-->
一旦创建了镜像，您就可以在本地运行网站了：
```bash
make docker-serve
```
<!--
Open up your browser to http://localhost:1313 to view the website. As you make changes to the source files, Hugo updates the website and forces a browser refresh.
-->
打开浏览器访问 http://localhost:1313 以查看网站。当您对源文件进行更改时，Hugo 会更新网站并强制刷新浏览器。
<!--
## Running the website locally using Hugo
-->
## 使用 Hugo 在本地运行网站 {#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo}
<!--
See the [official Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) for Hugo installation instructions.
Make sure to install the Hugo version specified by the `HUGO_VERSION` environment variable in the [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9) file.
-->
有关 Hugo 的安装说明，请参阅 [Hugo 官方文档](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/)。
确保安装对应版本的 Hugo，版本号由 [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9) 文件中的 `HUGO_VERSION` 环境变量指定。
<!--
To run the website locally when you have Hugo installed:
-->
安装 Hugo 后，在本地运行网站：
```bash
make serve
```
<!--
This will start the local Hugo server on port 1313. Open up your browser to http://localhost:1313 to view the website. As you make changes to the source files, Hugo updates the website and forces a browser refresh.
-->
这将在 1313 端口上启动本地 Hugo 服务器。打开浏览器访问 http://localhost:1313 查看网站。当您对源文件进行更改时，Hugo 会更新网站并强制刷新浏览器。
<!--
## Community, discussion, contribution, and support
-->
## 社区、讨论、贡献和支持
<!--
Learn how to engage with the Kubernetes community on the [community page](http://kubernetes.io/community/).
-->
在[社区页面](http://kubernetes.io/community/)了解如何与 Kubernetes 社区互动。
<!--
You can reach the maintainers of this project at:
-->
您可以通过以下方式联系该项目的维护人员：
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
- [Mailing List](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
<!--
### Code of conduct
Participation in the Kubernetes community is governed by the [Kubernetes Code of Conduct](code-of-conduct.md).
-->
Participation in the Kubernetes community is governed by the [CNCF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/master/code-of-conduct.md).
-->
### 行为准则
参与 Kubernetes 社区受 [Kubernetes 行为准则](code-of-conduct.md)的约束。
参与 Kubernetes 社区受 [CNCF 行为准则](https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/master/code-of-conduct.md)约束。
<!--
## Thank you!
Kubernetes thrives on community participation, and we appreciate your contributions to our website and our documentation!
-->
-->
## 感谢！
Kubernetes 因为社区的参与而蓬勃发展，感谢您对我们网站和文档的贡献！

19
README.md
View File

@ -8,12 +8,27 @@ This repository contains the assets required to build the [Kubernetes website an
See the [official Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) for Hugo installation instructions. Make sure to install the Hugo extended version specified by the `HUGO_VERSION` environment variable in the [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L10) file.
To run the website locally when you have Hugo installed:
Before building the site, clone the Kubernetes website repository:
```bash
git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/website.git
cd website
git submodule update --init --recursive
git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
```
**Note:** The Kubernetes website deploys the [Docsy Hugo theme](https://github.com/google/docsy#readme).
If you have not updated your website repository, the `website/themes/docsy` directory is empty. The site cannot build
without a local copy of the theme.
Update the website theme:
```bash
git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
```
To build and test the site locally, run:
```bash
hugo server --buildFuture
```

12
archetypes/concepts.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
---
title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
content_type: concept
---
<!-- overview -->
<!-- body -->
<!-- Optional section; add links to information related to this topic. -->
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

21
archetypes/tasks.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
---
title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
content_type: task
---
<!-- overview -->
## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}
{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}}
<!-- If you set the min-kubernetes-server-version parameter in the page's front matter,
add the version check shortcode {{< version-check >}}.
-->
<!-- steps -->
<!-- discussion -->
<!-- Optional section; add links to information related to this topic. -->
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

19
archetypes/tutorials.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
---
title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
content_type: tutorial
---
<!-- overview -->
## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}
{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}}
## {{% heading "objectives" %}}
<!-- lessoncontent -->
## {{% heading "cleanup" %}}
<!-- Optional section; add links to information related to this topic. -->
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

6
assets/scss/_base.scss
View File

@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ footer {
.button {
display: inline-block;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 0 20px;
line-height: 40px;
padding: 6px 20px;
line-height: 1.3rem;
color: white;
background-color: $blue;
text-decoration: none;
@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ section#cncf {
}
#desktopKCButton {
position: relative;
position: absolute;
font-size: 18px;
background-color: $dark-grey;
border-radius: 8px;

29
assets/scss/_custom.scss
View File

@ -101,14 +101,6 @@ section {
left: 0;
background: #fff;
}
.dropdown-menu {
left: -80px;
}
&.dropdown:hover {
color: $medium-grey;
}
}
}
@ -118,7 +110,7 @@ section {
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1075px) {
margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
margin-top: 1rem !important;
}
}
@ -264,6 +256,14 @@ footer {
}
}
main {
.td-content table code,
.td-content>table td {
word-break: break-word;
}
}
// blockquotes and callouts
blockquote {
@ -299,12 +299,19 @@ blockquote {
}
}
.td-sidebar-nav {
& > .td-sidebar-nav__section {
padding-top: .5rem;
padding-left: 1.5rem;
}
}
.td-sidebar__inner {
form.td-sidebar__search {
button.td-sidebar__toggle {
&:hover {
color: $white;
color: #000000;
}
color: $blue;
@ -383,4 +390,4 @@ main.content {
}
}
}
}
}

3
assets/scss/_tablet.scss
View File

@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ $feature-box-div-width: 45%;
max-width: 25%;
max-height: 100%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
width: 100%;
}
&:nth-child(odd) {
@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ $feature-box-div-width: 45%;
.image-wrapper {
right: 0;
text-align: right;
}
}
@ -106,6 +108,7 @@ $feature-box-div-width: 45%;
.image-wrapper {
left: 0;
text-align: left;
}
}

25
config.toml
View File

@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ css = [
"custom-jekyll/tags"
]
js = [
"custom-jekyll/tags",
"script"
]
@ -222,7 +221,7 @@ no = 'Sorry to hear that. Please <a href="https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY
url = "https://discuss.kubernetes.io"
icon = "fa fa-envelope"
desc = "Discussion and help from your fellow users"
[[params.links.user]]
name = "Twitter"
url = "https://twitter.com/kubernetesio"
@ -237,7 +236,7 @@ no = 'Sorry to hear that. Please <a href="https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY
[[params.links.user]]
name = "Youtube"
url = "https://youtbue.com/kubernetescommunity"
url = "https://youtube.com/kubernetescommunity"
icon = "fab fa-youtube"
desc = "Youtube community videos"
@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ no = 'Sorry to hear that. Please <a href="https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY
url = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/guide"
icon = "fas fa-edit"
desc = "Contribute to the Kubernetes website"
[[params.links.developer]]
name = "Stack Overflow"
url = "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes"
@ -275,6 +274,7 @@ description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="English"
# Weight used for sorting.
weight = 1
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.zh]
title = "Kubernetes"
@ -282,6 +282,7 @@ description = "生产级别的容器编排系统"
languageName = "中文 Chinese"
weight = 2
contentDir = "content/zh"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.zh.params]
time_format_blog = "2006.01.02"
@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ description = "운영 수준의 컨테이너 오케스트레이션"
languageName = "한국어 Korean"
weight = 3
contentDir = "content/ko"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.ko.params]
time_format_blog = "2006.01.02"
@ -300,10 +302,11 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.ja]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
description = "プロダクショングレードのコンテナ管理基盤"
languageName = "日本語 Japanese"
weight = 4
contentDir = "content/ja"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.ja.params]
time_format_blog = "2006.01.02"
@ -315,6 +318,7 @@ description = "Solution professionnelle d’orchestration de conteneurs"
languageName ="Français"
weight = 5
contentDir = "content/fr"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.fr.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -327,6 +331,7 @@ description = "Orchestrazione di Container in produzione"
languageName = "Italiano"
weight = 6
contentDir = "content/it"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.it.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -339,6 +344,7 @@ description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Norsk"
weight = 7
contentDir = "content/no"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.no.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -351,6 +357,7 @@ description = "Produktionsreife Container-Orchestrierung"
languageName ="Deutsch"
weight = 8
contentDir = "content/de"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.de.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -363,6 +370,7 @@ description = "Orquestación de contenedores para producción"
languageName ="Español"
weight = 9
contentDir = "content/es"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.es.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -375,6 +383,7 @@ description = "Orquestração de contêineres em nível de produção"
languageName ="Português"
weight = 9
contentDir = "content/pt"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.pt.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -387,6 +396,7 @@ description = "Orkestrasi Kontainer dengan Skala Produksi"
languageName ="Bahasa Indonesia"
weight = 10
contentDir = "content/id"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.id.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -399,6 +409,7 @@ description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "Hindi"
weight = 11
contentDir = "content/hi"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.hi.params]
time_format_blog = "01.02.2006"
@ -410,6 +421,7 @@ description = "Giải pháp điều phối container trong môi trường produc
languageName = "Tiếng Việt"
contentDir = "content/vi"
weight = 12
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.ru]
title = "Kubernetes"
@ -417,6 +429,7 @@ description = "Первоклассная оркестрация контейн
languageName = "Русский"
weight = 12
contentDir = "content/ru"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.ru.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
@ -429,6 +442,7 @@ description = "Produkcyjny system zarządzania kontenerami"
languageName = "Polski"
weight = 13
contentDir = "content/pl"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.pl.params]
time_format_blog = "01.02.2006"
@ -441,6 +455,7 @@ description = "Довершена система оркестрації конт
languageName = "Українська"
weight = 14
contentDir = "content/uk"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.uk.params]
time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"

3
content/de/_index.html
View File

@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ abstract: "Automatisierte Bereitstellung, Skalierung und Verwaltung von Containe
cid: home
---
{{< deprecationwarning >}}
{{< blocks/section id="oceanNodes" >}}
{{% blocks/feature image="flower" %}}
@ -59,4 +58,4 @@ Kubernetes ist Open Source und bietet Dir die Freiheit, die Infrastruktur vor Or
{{< blocks/kubernetes-features >}}
{{< blocks/case-studies >}}
{{< blocks/case-studies >}}

17
content/de/docs/contribute/localization.md
View File

@ -229,10 +229,25 @@ other = "ICH BIN..."
```
Durch die Lokalisierung von Website-Zeichenfolgen kannst du Website-weiten Text und Funktionen anpassen: z. B. den gesetzlichen Copyright-Text in der Fußzeile auf jeder Seite.
### Sprachspezifischer Styleguide und Glossar
## Sprachspezifischer Styleguide
Einige Sprachteams haben ihren eigenen sprachspezifischen Styleguide und ihr eigenes Glossar. Siehe zum Beispiel den [Leitfaden zur koreanischen Lokalisierung](/ko/docs/contribute/localization_ko/).
### Informale Schreibweise
Für die deutsche Übersetzungen verwenden wir eine informelle Schreibweise und der Ansprache per `Du`. Allerdings werden keine Jargon, Slang, Wortspiele, Redewendungen oder kulturspezifische Bezüge eingebracht.
### Datums und Maßeinheiten
Wenn notwendig sollten Datumsangaben in das in Deutschland übliche dd.mm.yyyy überführt werden. Alternativ können diese auch in den Textfluss eingebunden werden: "... am 24. April ....".
### Abkürzungen
Abkürzungen sollten nach Möglichkeit nicht verwendet werden und entweder ausgeschrieben oder anderweitig umgangen werden.
### Zusammengesetzte Wörter
Durch die Übersetzung werden oft Nomen aneinandergereiht, diese Wortketten müssen durch Bindestriche verbunden werden. Dies ist auch möglich wenn ein Teil ins Deutsche übersetzt wird ein weiterer jedoch im Englischen bestehen bleibt. Als Richtlinie gilt hier der [Duden](https://www.duden.de/sprachwissen/rechtschreibregeln/bindestrich).
### Anglizismen
Die Verwendung von Anglizismen ist dann wünschenswert, wenn die Verwendung eines deutschen Wortes, vor allem für technische Begriffe, nicht eindeutig ist oder zu Unklarheiten führt.
## Branching Strategie
Da Lokalisierungsprojekte in hohem Maße gemeinschaftliche Bemühungen sind, ermutigen wir Teams, in gemeinsamen Entwicklungszweigen zu arbeiten.

2
content/de/docs/setup/minikube.md
View File

@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Minikube unterstützt die folgenden Treiber:
* kvm ([Treiber installation](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/#kvm-driver))
* hyperkit ([Treiber installation](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/#hyperkit-driver))
* xhyve ([Treiber installation](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/#xhyve-driver)) (deprecated)
* hyperv ([Treiber installation](https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/blob/master/docs/drivers.md#hyperv-driver))
* hyperv ([Treiber installation](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/#hyperv-driver))
Beachten Sie, dass die unten angegebene IP-Adresse dynamisch ist und sich ändern kann. Sie kann mit `minikube ip` abgerufen werden.
* none (Führt die Kubernetes-Komponenten auf dem Host und nicht in einer VM aus. Die Verwendung dieses Treibers erfordert Docker ([Docker installieren](https://docs.docker.com/install/linux/docker-ce/ubuntu/)) und eine Linux-Umgebung)

1
content/en/_index.html
View File

@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ Kubernetes is open source giving you the freedom to take advantage of on-premise
<button id="desktopShowVideoButton" onclick="kub.showVideo()">Watch Video</button>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe/?utm_source=kubernetes.io&utm_medium=nav&utm_campaign=kccnceu20" button id="desktopKCButton">Attend KubeCon EU virtually on August 17-20, 2020</a>
<br>
<br>

42
content/en/blog/_posts/2015-05-00-Kubernetes-On-Openstack.md
View File

@ -19,34 +19,20 @@ The entries in the catalog include not just the ability to [start a Kubernetes c
-
Apache web server
-
Nginx web server
-
Crate - The Distributed Database for Docker
-
GlassFish - Java EE 7 Application Server
-
Tomcat - An open-source web server and servlet container
-
InfluxDB - An open-source, distributed, time series database
-
Grafana - Metrics dashboard for InfluxDB
-
Jenkins - An extensible open source continuous integration server
-
MariaDB database
-
MySql database
-
Redis - Key-value cache and store
-
PostgreSQL database
-
MongoDB NoSQL database
-
Zend Server - The Complete PHP Application Platform
- Apache web server
- Nginx web server
- Crate - The Distributed Database for Docker
- GlassFish - Java EE 7 Application Server
- Tomcat - An open-source web server and servlet container
- InfluxDB - An open-source, distributed, time series database
- Grafana - Metrics dashboard for InfluxDB
- Jenkins - An extensible open source continuous integration server
- MariaDB database
- MySql database
- Redis - Key-value cache and store
- PostgreSQL database
- MongoDB NoSQL database
- Zend Server - The Complete PHP Application Platform

12
content/en/blog/_posts/2015-06-00-The-Distributed-System-Toolkit-Patterns.md
View File

@ -12,14 +12,10 @@ In many ways the switch from VMs to containers is like the switch from monolithi
The benefits of thinking in terms of modular containers are enormous, in particular, modular containers provide the following:
-
Speed application development, since containers can be re-used between teams and even larger communities
-
Codify expert knowledge, since everyone collaborates on a single containerized implementation that reflects best-practices rather than a myriad of different home-grown containers with roughly the same functionality
-
Enable agile teams, since the container boundary is a natural boundary and contract for team responsibilities
-
Provide separation of concerns and focus on specific functionality that reduces spaghetti dependencies and un-testable components
- Speed application development, since containers can be re-used between teams and even larger communities
- Codify expert knowledge, since everyone collaborates on a single containerized implementation that reflects best-practices rather than a myriad of different home-grown containers with roughly the same functionality
- Enable agile teams, since the container boundary is a natural boundary and contract for team responsibilities
- Provide separation of concerns and focus on specific functionality that reduces spaghetti dependencies and un-testable components
Building an application from modular containers means thinking about symbiotic groups of containers that cooperate to provide a service, not one container per service. &nbsp;In Kubernetes, the embodiment of this modular container service is a Pod. &nbsp;A Pod is a group of containers that share resources like file systems, kernel namespaces and an IP address. &nbsp;The Pod is the atomic unit of scheduling in a Kubernetes cluster, precisely because the symbiotic nature of the containers in the Pod require that they be co-scheduled onto the same machine, and the only way to reliably achieve this is by making container groups atomic scheduling units.

150
content/en/blog/_posts/2015-07-00-Weekly-Kubernetes-Community-Hangout_23.md
View File

@ -14,121 +14,71 @@ Here are the notes from today's meeting:
-
Eric Paris: replacing salt with ansible (if we want)
- Eric Paris: replacing salt with ansible (if we want)
-
In contrib, there is a provisioning tool written in ansible
-
The goal in the rewrite was to eliminate as much of the cloud provider stuff as possible
-
The salt setup does a bunch of setup in scripts and then the environment is setup with salt
- In contrib, there is a provisioning tool written in ansible
- The goal in the rewrite was to eliminate as much of the cloud provider stuff as possible
- The salt setup does a bunch of setup in scripts and then the environment is setup with salt
-
This means that things like generating certs is done differently on GCE/AWS/Vagrant
-
For ansible, everything must be done within ansible
-
Background on ansible
- This means that things like generating certs is done differently on GCE/AWS/Vagrant
- For ansible, everything must be done within ansible
- Background on ansible
-
Does not have clients
-
Provisioner ssh into the machine and runs scripts on the machine
-
You define what you want your cluster to look like, run the script, and it sets up everything at once
-
If you make one change in a config file, ansible re-runs everything (which isn’t always desirable)
-
Uses a jinja2 template
-
Create machines with minimal software, then use ansible to get that machine into a runnable state
- Does not have clients
- Provisioner ssh into the machine and runs scripts on the machine
- You define what you want your cluster to look like, run the script, and it sets up everything at once
- If you make one change in a config file, ansible re-runs everything (which isn’t always desirable)
- Uses a jinja2 template
- Create machines with minimal software, then use ansible to get that machine into a runnable state
-
Sets up all of the add-ons
-
Eliminates the provisioner shell scripts
-
Full cluster setup currently takes about 6 minutes
- Sets up all of the add-ons
- Eliminates the provisioner shell scripts
- Full cluster setup currently takes about 6 minutes
-
CentOS with some packages
-
Redeploy to the cluster takes 25 seconds
-
Questions for Eric
- CentOS with some packages
- Redeploy to the cluster takes 25 seconds
- Questions for Eric
-
Where does the provider-specific configuration go?
- Where does the provider-specific configuration go?
-
The only network setup that the ansible config does is flannel; you can turn it off
-
What about init vs. systemd?
- The only network setup that the ansible config does is flannel; you can turn it off
- What about init vs. systemd?
-
Should be able to support in the code w/o any trouble (not yet implemented)
-
Discussion
- Should be able to support in the code w/o any trouble (not yet implemented)
- Discussion
-
Why not push the setup work into containers or kubernetes config?
- Why not push the setup work into containers or kubernetes config?
-
To bootstrap a cluster drop a kubelet and a manifest
-
Running a kubelet and configuring the network should be the only things required. We can cut a machine image that is preconfigured minus the data package (certs, etc)
- To bootstrap a cluster drop a kubelet and a manifest
- Running a kubelet and configuring the network should be the only things required. We can cut a machine image that is preconfigured minus the data package (certs, etc)
-
The ansible scripts install kubelet & docker if they aren’t already installed
-
Each OS (RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu) could have a different image. We could view this as part of the build process instead of the install process.
-
There needs to be solution for bare metal as well.
-
In favor of the overall goal -- reducing the special configuration in the salt configuration
-
Everything except the kubelet should run inside a container (eventually the kubelet should as well)
- The ansible scripts install kubelet & docker if they aren’t already installed
- Each OS (RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu) could have a different image. We could view this as part of the build process instead of the install process.
- There needs to be solution for bare metal as well.
- In favor of the overall goal -- reducing the special configuration in the salt configuration
- Everything except the kubelet should run inside a container (eventually the kubelet should as well)
-
Running in a container doesn’t cut down on the complexity that we currently have
-
But it does more clearly define the interface about what the code expects
-
These tools (Chef, Puppet, Ansible) conflate binary distribution with configuration
- Running in a container doesn’t cut down on the complexity that we currently have
- But it does more clearly define the interface about what the code expects
- These tools (Chef, Puppet, Ansible) conflate binary distribution with configuration
-
Containers more clearly separate these problems
-
The mesos deployment is not completely automated yet, but the mesos deployment is completely different: kubelets get put on top on an existing mesos cluster
- Containers more clearly separate these problems
- The mesos deployment is not completely automated yet, but the mesos deployment is completely different: kubelets get put on top on an existing mesos cluster
-
The bash scripts allow the mesos devs to see what each cloud provider is doing and re-use the relevant bits
-
There was a large reverse engineering curve, but the bash is at least readable as opposed to the salt
-
Openstack uses a different deployment as well
-
We need a well documented list of steps (e.g. create certs) that are necessary to stand up a cluster
- The bash scripts allow the mesos devs to see what each cloud provider is doing and re-use the relevant bits
- There was a large reverse engineering curve, but the bash is at least readable as opposed to the salt
- Openstack uses a different deployment as well
- We need a well documented list of steps (e.g. create certs) that are necessary to stand up a cluster
-
This would allow us to compare across cloud providers
-
We should reduce the number of steps as much as possible
-
Ansible has 241 steps to launch a cluster
-
1.0 Code freeze
- This would allow us to compare across cloud providers
- We should reduce the number of steps as much as possible
- Ansible has 241 steps to launch a cluster
- 1.0 Code freeze
-
How are we getting out of code freeze?
-
This is a topic for next week, but the preview is that we will move slowly rather than totally opening the firehose
- How are we getting out of code freeze?
- This is a topic for next week, but the preview is that we will move slowly rather than totally opening the firehose
-
We want to clear the backlog as fast as possible while maintaining stability both on HEAD and on the 1.0 branch
-
The backlog of almost 300 PRs but there are also various parallel feature branches that have been developed during the freeze
-
Cutting a cherry pick release today (1.0.1) that fixes a few issues
- We want to clear the backlog as fast as possible while maintaining stability both on HEAD and on the 1.0 branch
- The backlog of almost 300 PRs but there are also various parallel feature branches that have been developed during the freeze
- Cutting a cherry pick release today (1.0.1) that fixes a few issues
- Next week we will discuss the cadence for patch releases

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@ -16,17 +16,10 @@ Fundamentally, ElasticKube delivers a web console for which compliments Kubernet
ElasticKube enables organizations to accelerate adoption by developers, application operations and traditional IT operations teams and shares a mutual goal of increasing developer productivity, driving efficiency in container management and promoting the use of microservices as a modern application delivery methodology. When leveraging ElasticKube in your environment, users need to ensure the following technologies are configured appropriately to guarantee everything runs correctly:
-
Configure Google Container Engine (GKE) for cluster installation and management
-
Use Kubernetes to provision the infrastructure and clusters for containers &nbsp;
-
Use your existing tools of choice to actually build your containers
-
Use ElasticKube to run, deploy and manage your containers and services
- Configure Google Container Engine (GKE) for cluster installation and management
- Use Kubernetes to provision the infrastructure and clusters for containers &nbsp;
- Use your existing tools of choice to actually build your containers
- Use ElasticKube to run, deploy and manage your containers and services
[![](https://cl.ly/0i3M2L3Q030z/Image%202016-03-11%20at%209.49.12%20AM.png)](http://cl.ly/0i3M2L3Q030z/Image%202016-03-11%20at%209.49.12%20AM.png)
@ -39,14 +32,10 @@ Getting Started with Kubernetes and ElasticKube
(this is a 3min walk through video with the following topics)
1.
Deploy ElasticKube to a Kubernetes cluster
2.
Configuration
3.
Admin: Setup and invite a user
4.
Deploy an instance
1. Deploy ElasticKube to a Kubernetes cluster
2. Configuration
3. Admin: Setup and invite a user
4. Deploy an instance

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@ -13,24 +13,18 @@ Today, we want to take you on a short tour explaining the background of our offe
In mid 2014 we looked at the challenges enterprises are facing in the context of digitization, where traditional enterprises experience that more and more competitors from the IT sector are pushing into the core of their markets. A big part of Fujitsu’s customers are such traditional businesses, so we considered how we could help them and came up with three basic principles:
-
Decouple applications from infrastructure - Focus on where the value for the customer is: the application.
-
Decompose applications - Build applications from smaller, loosely coupled parts. Enable reconfiguration of those parts depending on the needs of the business. Also encourage innovation by low-cost experiments.
-
Automate everything - Fight the increasing complexity of the first two points by introducing a high degree of automation.
- Decouple applications from infrastructure - Focus on where the value for the customer is: the application.
- Decompose applications - Build applications from smaller, loosely coupled parts. Enable reconfiguration of those parts depending on the needs of the business. Also encourage innovation by low-cost experiments.
- Automate everything - Fight the increasing complexity of the first two points by introducing a high degree of automation.
We found that Linux containers themselves cover the first point and touch the second. But at this time there was little support for creating distributed applications and running them managed automatically. We found Kubernetes as the missing piece.
**Not a free lunch**
The general approach of Kubernetes in managing containerized workload is convincing, but as we looked at it with the eyes of customers, we realized that it’s not a free lunch. Many &nbsp;customers are medium-sized companies whose core business is often bound to strict data protection regulations. The top three requirements we identified are:
-
On-premise deployments (with the option for hybrid scenarios)
-
Efficient operations as part of a (much) bigger IT infrastructure
-
Enterprise-grade support, potentially on global scale
- On-premise deployments (with the option for hybrid scenarios)
- Efficient operations as part of a (much) bigger IT infrastructure
- Enterprise-grade support, potentially on global scale
We created Cloud Load Control with these requirements in mind. It is basically a distribution of Kubernetes targeted for on-premise use, primarily focusing on operational aspects of container infrastructure. We are committed to work with the community, and contribute all relevant changes and extensions upstream to the Kubernetes project.
**On-premise deployments**
@ -39,12 +33,9 @@ As Kubernetes core developer Tim Hockin often puts it in his[talks](https://spea
Cloud Load Control addresses these issues. It enables customers to reliably and readily provision a production grade Kubernetes clusters on their own infrastructure, with the following benefits:
-
Proven setup process, lowers risk of problems while setting up the cluster
-
Reduction of provisioning time to minutes
-
Repeatable process, relevant especially for large, multi-tenant environments
- Proven setup process, lowers risk of problems while setting up the cluster
- Reduction of provisioning time to minutes
- Repeatable process, relevant especially for large, multi-tenant environments
Cloud Load Control delivers these benefits for a range of platforms, starting from selected OpenStack distributions in the first versions of Cloud Load Control, and successively adding more platforms depending on customer demand. &nbsp;We are especially excited about the option to remove the virtualization layer and support Kubernetes bare-metal on Fujitsu servers in the long run. By removing a layer of complexity, the total cost to run the system would be decreased and the missing hypervisor would increase performance.
@ -53,10 +44,8 @@ Right now we are in the process of contributing a generic provider to set up Kub
Reducing operation costs is the target of any organization providing IT infrastructure. This can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of operations and helping operators to get their job done. Considering large-scale container infrastructures, we found it is important to differentiate between two types of operations:
-
Platform-oriented, relates to the overall infrastructure, often including various systems, one of which might be Kubernetes.
-
Application-oriented, focusses rather on a single, or a small set of applications deployed on Kubernetes.
- Platform-oriented, relates to the overall infrastructure, often including various systems, one of which might be Kubernetes.
- Application-oriented, focusses rather on a single, or a small set of applications deployed on Kubernetes.
Kubernetes is already great for the application-oriented part. Cloud Load Control was created to help platform-oriented operators to efficiently manage Kubernetes as part of the overall infrastructure and make it easy to execute Kubernetes tasks relevant to them.

15
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@ -11,15 +11,12 @@ Hello, and welcome to the second installment of the Kubernetes state of the cont
In January, 71% of respondents were currently using containers, in February, 89% of respondents were currently using containers. The percentage of users not even considering containers also shrank from 4% in January to a surprising 0% in February. Will see if that holds consistent in March.Likewise, the usage of containers continued to march across the dev/canary/prod lifecycle. In all parts of the lifecycle, container usage increased:
-
Development: 80% -\> 88%
-
Test: 67% -\> 72%
-
Pre production: 41% -\> 55%
-
Production: 50% -\> 62%
What is striking in this is that pre-production growth continued, even as workloads were clearly transitioned into true production. Likewise the share of people considering containers for production rose from 78% in January to 82% in February. Again we’ll see if the trend continues into March.
- Development: 80% -\> 88%
- Test: 67% -\> 72%
- Pre production: 41% -\> 55%
- Production: 50% -\> 62%
What is striking in this is that pre-production growth continued, even as workloads were clearly transitioned into true production. Likewise the share of people considering containers for production rose from 78% in January to 82% in February. Again we’ll see if the trend continues into March.
## Container and cluster sizes

12
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@ -215,14 +215,10 @@ CRI is being actively developed and maintained by the Kubernetes [SIG-Node](http
-
Post issues or feature requests on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
-
Join the #sig-node channel on [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/)
-
Subscribe to the [SIG-Node mailing list](mailto:kubernetes-sig-node@googlegroups.com)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Post issues or feature requests on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
- Join the #sig-node channel on [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/)
- Subscribe to the [SIG-Node mailing list](mailto:kubernetes-sig-node@googlegroups.com)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates

15
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@ -21,13 +21,8 @@ This progress is our commitment in continuing to make Kubernetes best way to man
Connect
-
[Download](http://get.k8s.io/) Kubernetes
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
-
Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- [Download](http://get.k8s.io/) Kubernetes
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates

11
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@ -36,12 +36,11 @@ Most of the Kubernetes constructs, such as Pods, Services, Labels, etc. work wit
|
What doesn’t work yet?
|
-
Pod abstraction is not same due to networking namespaces. Net result is that Windows containers in a single POD cannot communicate over localhost. Linux containers can share networking stack by placing them in the same network namespace.
-
DNS capabilities are not fully implemented
-
UDP is not supported inside a container
- Pod abstraction is not same due to networking namespaces. Net result is that Windows containers in a single POD cannot communicate over localhost. Linux containers can share networking stack by placing them in the same network namespace.
- DNS capabilities are not fully implemented
- UDP is not supported inside a container
|
|
When will it be ready for all production workloads (general availability)?

12
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@ -78,11 +78,7 @@ _--Jean-Mathieu Saponaro, Research & Analytics Engineer, Datadog_
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)&nbsp;
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)&nbsp;
-
Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)&nbsp;
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)&nbsp;
- Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates

12
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@ -113,11 +113,7 @@ _-- Rob Hirschfeld, co-founder of RackN and co-chair of the Cluster Ops SIG_
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
-
Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates

57
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@ -26,87 +26,69 @@ Kubernetes has also earned the trust of many [Fortune 500 companies](https://kub
July 2016
-
Kubernauts celebrated its [first anniversary](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/happy-k8sbday-1) of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch with 20 [#k8sbday](https://twitter.com/search?q=k8sbday&src=typd) parties hosted worldwide
-
Kubernetes [v1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/)
- Kubernauts celebrated its [first anniversary](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/happy-k8sbday-1) of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch with 20 [#k8sbday](https://twitter.com/search?q=k8sbday&src=typd) parties hosted worldwide
- Kubernetes [v1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/)
September 2016
-
Kubernetes [v1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/)
-
Launch of [kubeadm](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/how-we-made-kubernetes-easy-to-install), a tool that makes Kubernetes dramatically easier to install
-
[Pokemon Go](https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/google-dealt-pokemon-go-traffic-50-times-beyond-expectations/2016/09/) - one of the largest installs of Kubernetes ever
- Kubernetes [v1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/)
- Launch of [kubeadm](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/how-we-made-kubernetes-easy-to-install), a tool that makes Kubernetes dramatically easier to install
- [Pokemon Go](https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/google-dealt-pokemon-go-traffic-50-times-beyond-expectations/2016/09/) - one of the largest installs of Kubernetes ever
October 2016
-
Introduced [Kubernetes service partners program](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/10/kubernetes-service-technology-partners-program) and a redesigned [partners page](https://kubernetes.io/partners/)
- Introduced [Kubernetes service partners program](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/10/kubernetes-service-technology-partners-program) and a redesigned [partners page](https://kubernetes.io/partners/)
November 2016
-
CloudNativeCon/KubeCon [Seattle](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2016/11/17/cloudnativeconkubecon-2016-wrap/)
-
Cloud Native Computing Foundation partners with The Linux Foundation to launch a [new Kubernetes certification, training and managed service provider program](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2016/11/08/cncf-partners-linux-foundation-launch-new-kubernetes-certification-training-managed-service-provider-program/)
- CloudNativeCon/KubeCon [Seattle](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2016/11/17/cloudnativeconkubecon-2016-wrap/)
- Cloud Native Computing Foundation partners with The Linux Foundation to launch a [new Kubernetes certification, training and managed service provider program](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2016/11/08/cncf-partners-linux-foundation-launch-new-kubernetes-certification-training-managed-service-provider-program/)
December 2016
-
Kubernetes [v1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/)
- Kubernetes [v1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/)
January 2017
-
[Survey](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/01/17/container-management-trends-kubernetes-moves-testing-production/) from CloudNativeCon + KubeCon Seattle showcases the maturation of Kubernetes deployment
- [Survey](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/01/17/container-management-trends-kubernetes-moves-testing-production/) from CloudNativeCon + KubeCon Seattle showcases the maturation of Kubernetes deployment
March 2017
-
CloudNativeCon/KubeCon [Europe](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/04/17/highlights-cloudnativecon-kubecon-europe-2017/)
-
Kubernetes[v1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale)
- CloudNativeCon/KubeCon [Europe](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/04/17/highlights-cloudnativecon-kubecon-europe-2017/)
- Kubernetes[v1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale)
April 2017
-
The [Battery Open Source Software (BOSS) Index](https://www.battery.com/powered/boss-index-tracking-explosive-growth-open-source-software/) lists Kubernetes as #33 in the top 100 popular open-source software projects
- The [Battery Open Source Software (BOSS) Index](https://www.battery.com/powered/boss-index-tracking-explosive-growth-open-source-software/) lists Kubernetes as #33 in the top 100 popular open-source software projects
May 2017
-
[Four Kubernetes projects](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/05/04/cncf-brings-kubernetes-coredns-opentracing-prometheus-google-summer-code-2017/) accepted to The [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) (GSOC) 2017 program
-
Stutterstock and Kubernetes appear in [The Wall Street Journal](https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/05/26/shutterstock-ceo-says-new-business-plan-hinged-upon-total-overhaul-of-it/): “On average we [Shutterstock] deploy 45 different releases into production a day using that framework. We use Docker, Kubernetes and Jenkins [to build and run containers and automate development,” said CTO Marty Brodbeck on the company’s IT overhaul and adoption of containerization.
- [Four Kubernetes projects](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/05/04/cncf-brings-kubernetes-coredns-opentracing-prometheus-google-summer-code-2017/) accepted to The [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) (GSOC) 2017 program
- Stutterstock and Kubernetes appear in [The Wall Street Journal](https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/05/26/shutterstock-ceo-says-new-business-plan-hinged-upon-total-overhaul-of-it/): “On average we [Shutterstock] deploy 45 different releases into production a day using that framework. We use Docker, Kubernetes and Jenkins [to build and run containers and automate development,” said CTO Marty Brodbeck on the company’s IT overhaul and adoption of containerization.
June 2017
-
Kubernetes [v1.7 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/06/kubernetes-1-7-security-hardening-stateful-application-extensibility-updates)
-
[Survey](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/06/28/survey-shows-kubernetes-leading-orchestration-platform/) from CloudNativeCon + KubeCon Europe shows Kubernetes leading as the orchestration platform of choice
-
Kubernetes ranked [#4](https://github.com/cncf/velocity) in the [30 highest velocity open source projects](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/06/05/30-highest-velocity-open-source-projects/)
- Kubernetes [v1.7 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/06/kubernetes-1-7-security-hardening-stateful-application-extensibility-updates)
- [Survey](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/06/28/survey-shows-kubernetes-leading-orchestration-platform/) from CloudNativeCon + KubeCon Europe shows Kubernetes leading as the orchestration platform of choice
- Kubernetes ranked [#4](https://github.com/cncf/velocity) in the [30 highest velocity open source projects](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/06/05/30-highest-velocity-open-source-projects/)
![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/tN_M9v5pFyr3uzwAXTliSKofTGz9DUSMotLHWgy2vl2VSsfIfysagv7h5VRkMA5L9TsNBTMX4dWr-V3O1S9d3dw9IctSj4bAyzblXCAe4xjAhnNJEA3vjSq4Cw79SfoRWfnW-zYY)
@ -116,8 +98,7 @@ Figure 2: The 30 highest velocity open source projects. Source: [https://github.
July 2017
-
Kubernauts celebrate the second anniversary of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch with [#k8sbday](https://twitter.com/search?q=k8sbday&src=typd) parties worldwide!
- Kubernauts celebrate the second anniversary of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch with [#k8sbday](https://twitter.com/search?q=k8sbday&src=typd) parties worldwide!

27
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@ -92,14 +92,10 @@ Usage of UCD in the Process Flow:
UCD is used for deployment and the end-to end deployment process is automated here. UCD component process involves the following steps:
-
Download the required artifacts for deployment from the Gitlab.
-
Login to Bluemix and set the KUBECONFIG based on the Kubernetes cluster used for creating the pods.
-
Create the application pod in the cluster using kubectl create command.
-
If needed, run a rolling update to update the existing pod.
- Download the required artifacts for deployment from the Gitlab.
- Login to Bluemix and set the KUBECONFIG based on the Kubernetes cluster used for creating the pods.
- Create the application pod in the cluster using kubectl create command.
- If needed, run a rolling update to update the existing pod.
@ -150,13 +146,8 @@ To expose our services to outside the cluster, we used Ingress. In IBM Cloud Kub
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
-
Join the community portal for advocates on [K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
-
Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Join the community portal for advocates on [K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)

40
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@ -129,14 +129,10 @@ With our graduation, comes the release of Kompose 1.0.0, here’s what’s new:
-
Docker Compose Version 3: Kompose now supports Docker Compose Version 3. New keys such as ‘deploy’ now convert to their Kubernetes equivalent.
-
Docker Push and Build Support: When you supply a ‘build’ key within your `docker-compose.yaml` file, Kompose will automatically build and push the image to the respective Docker repository for Kubernetes to consume.
-
New Keys: With the addition of version 3 support, new keys such as pid and deploy are supported. For full details on what Kompose supports, view our [conversion document](http://kompose.io/conversion/).
-
Bug Fixes: In every release we fix any bugs related to edge-cases when converting. This release fixes issues relating to converting volumes with ‘./’ in the target name.
- Docker Compose Version 3: Kompose now supports Docker Compose Version 3. New keys such as ‘deploy’ now convert to their Kubernetes equivalent.
- Docker Push and Build Support: When you supply a ‘build’ key within your `docker-compose.yaml` file, Kompose will automatically build and push the image to the respective Docker repository for Kubernetes to consume.
- New Keys: With the addition of version 3 support, new keys such as pid and deploy are supported. For full details on what Kompose supports, view our [conversion document](http://kompose.io/conversion/).
- Bug Fixes: In every release we fix any bugs related to edge-cases when converting. This release fixes issues relating to converting volumes with ‘./’ in the target name.
@ -145,28 +141,18 @@ What’s ahead?
As we continue development, we will strive to convert as many Docker Compose keys as possible for all future and current Docker Compose releases, converting each one to their Kubernetes equivalent. All future releases will be backwards-compatible.
-
[Install Kompose](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/blob/master/docs/installation.md)
-
[Kompose Quick Start Guide](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/blob/master/docs/installation.md)
-
[Kompose Web Site](http://kompose.io/)
-
[Kompose Documentation](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/tree/master/docs)
- [Install Kompose](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/blob/master/docs/installation.md)
- [Kompose Quick Start Guide](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/blob/master/docs/installation.md)
- [Kompose Web Site](http://kompose.io/)
- [Kompose Documentation](https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/tree/master/docs)
--Charlie Drage, Software Engineer, Red Hat
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on[Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
-
Join the community portal for advocates on[K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
-
Follow us on Twitter[@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
-
Connect with the community on[Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on[GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
-
- Post questions (or answer questions) on[Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Join the community portal for advocates on[K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
- Follow us on Twitter[@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Connect with the community on[Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on[GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)

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@ -987,13 +987,8 @@ Rolling updates and roll backs close an important feature gap for DaemonSets and
-
Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
-
Join the community portal for advocates on [K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
-
Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
-
Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
-
Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Join the community portal for advocates on [K8sPort](http://k8sport.org/)
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Connect with the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)

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[Minikube](https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube) is a cross-platform, community-driven [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/) distribution, which is targeted to be used primarily in local environments. It deploys a single-node cluster, which is an excellent option for having a simple Kubernetes cluster up and running on localhost.
Minikube is designed to be used as a virtual machine (VM), and the default VM runtime is [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/). At the same time, extensibility is one of the critical benefits of Minikube, so it's possible to use it with [drivers](https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/blob/master/docs/drivers.md) outside of VirtualBox.
Minikube is designed to be used as a virtual machine (VM), and the default VM runtime is [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/). At the same time, extensibility is one of the critical benefits of Minikube, so it's possible to use it with [drivers](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/drivers/) outside of VirtualBox.
By default, Minikube uses Virtualbox as a runtime for running the virtual machine. Virtualbox is a cross-platform solution, which can be used on a variety of operating systems, including GNU/Linux, Windows, and macOS.

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---
layout: blog
title: "Working with Terraform and Kubernetes"
date: 2020-06-29
slug: working-with-terraform-and-kubernetes
url: /blog/2020/06/working-with-terraform-and-kubernetes
---
**Author:** [Philipp Strube](https://twitter.com/pst418), Kubestack
Maintaining Kubestack, an open-source [Terraform GitOps Framework](https://www.kubestack.com/lp/terraform-gitops-framework) for Kubernetes, I unsurprisingly spend a lot of time working with Terraform and Kubernetes. Kubestack provisions managed Kubernetes services like AKS, EKS and GKE using Terraform but also integrates cluster services from Kustomize bases into the GitOps workflow. Think of cluster services as everything that's required on your Kubernetes cluster, before you can deploy application workloads.
Hashicorp recently announced [better integration between Terraform and Kubernetes](https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/deploy-any-resource-with-the-new-kubernetes-provider-for-hashicorp-terraform/). I took this as an opportunity to give an overview of how Terraform can be used with Kubernetes today and what to be aware of.
In this post I will however focus only on using Terraform to provision Kubernetes API resources, not Kubernetes clusters.
[Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/intro/index.html) is a popular infrastructure as code solution, so I will only introduce it very briefly here. In a nutshell, Terraform allows declaring a desired state for resources as code, and will determine and execute a plan to take the infrastructure from its current state, to the desired state.
To be able to support different resources, Terraform requires providers that integrate the respective API. So, to create Kubernetes resources we need a Kubernetes provider. Here are our options:
## Terraform `kubernetes` provider (official)
First, the [official Kubernetes provider](https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-kubernetes). This provider is undoubtedly the most mature of the three. However, it comes with a big caveat that's probably the main reason why using Terraform to maintain Kubernetes resources is not a popular choice.
Terraform requires a schema for each resource and this means the maintainers have to translate the schema of each Kubernetes resource into a Terraform schema. This is a lot of effort and was the reason why for a long time the supported resources where pretty limited. While this has improved over time, still not everything is supported. And especially [custom resources](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/) are not possible to support this way.
This schema translation also results in some edge cases to be aware of. For example, `metadata` in the Terraform schema is a list of maps. Which means you have to refer to the `metadata.name` of a Kubernetes resource like this in Terraform: `kubernetes_secret.example.metadata.0.name`.
On the plus side however, having a Terraform schema means full integration between Kubernetes and other Terraform resources. Like for [example](https://github.com/kbst/terraform-kubestack/blob/e5caa6d20926d546a045144ebe79c7cc8c0b4c8a/aws/_modules/eks/ingress.tf#L37), using Terraform to create a Kubernetes service of type `LoadBalancer` and then use the returned ELB hostname in a Route53 record to configure DNS.
The biggest benefit when using Terraform to maintain Kubernetes resources is integration into the Terraform plan/apply life-cycle. So you can review planned changes before applying them. Also, using `kubectl`, purging of resources from the cluster is not trivial without manual intervention. Terraform does this reliably.
## Terraform `kubernetes-alpha` provider
Second, the new [alpha Kubernetes provider](https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-kubernetes-alpha). As a response to the limitations of the current Kubernetes provider the Hashicorp team recently released an alpha version of a new provider.
This provider uses dynamic resource types and server-side-apply to support all Kubernetes resources. I personally think this provider has the potential to be a game changer - even if [managing Kubernetes resources in HCL](https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-kubernetes-alpha#moving-from-yaml-to-hcl) may still not be for everyone. Maybe the Kustomize provider below will help with that.
The only downside really is, that it's explicitly discouraged to use it for anything but testing. But the more people test it, the sooner it should be ready for prime time. So I encourage everyone to give it a try.
## Terraform `kustomize` provider
Last, we have the [`kustomize` provider](https://github.com/kbst/terraform-provider-kustomize). Kustomize provides a way to do customizations of Kubernetes resources using inheritance instead of templating. It is designed to output the result to `stdout`, from where you can apply the changes using `kubectl`. This approach means that `kubectl` edge cases like no purging or changes to immutable attributes still make full automation difficult.
Kustomize is a popular way to handle customizations. But I was looking for a more reliable way to automate applying changes. Since this is exactly what Terraform is great at the Kustomize provider was born.
Not going into too much detail here, but from Terraform's perspective, this provider treats every Kubernetes resource as a JSON string. This way it can handle any Kubernetes resource resulting from the Kustomize build. But it has the big disadvantage that Kubernetes resources can not easily be integrated with other Terraform resources. Remember the load balancer example from above.
Under the hood, similarly to the new Kubernetes alpha provider, the Kustomize provider also uses the dynamic Kubernetes client and server-side-apply. Going forward, I plan to deprecate this part of the Kustomize provider that overlaps with the new Kubernetes provider and only keep the Kustomize integration.
## Conclusion
For teams that are already invested into Terraform, or teams that are looking for ways to replace `kubectl` in automation, Terraform's plan/apply life-cycle has always been a promising option to automate changes to Kubernetes resources. However, the limitations of the official Kubernetes provider resulted in this not seeing significant adoption.
The new alpha provider removes the limitations and has the potential to make Terraform a prime option to automate changes to Kubernetes resources.
Teams that have already adopted Kustomize, may find integrating Kustomize and Terraform using the Kustomize provider beneficial over `kubectl` because it avoids common edge cases. Even if in this set up, Terraform can only easily be used to plan and apply the changes, not to adapt the Kubernetes resources. In the future, this issue may be resolved by combining the Kustomize provider with the new Kubernetes provider.
If you have any questions regarding these three options, feel free to reach out to me on the Kubernetes Slack in either the [#kubestack](https://app.slack.com/client/T09NY5SBT/CMBCT7XRQ) or the [#kustomize](https://app.slack.com/client/T09NY5SBT/C9A5ALABG) channel. If you happen to give any of the providers a try and encounter a problem, please file a GitHub issue to help the maintainers fix it.

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---
layout: blog
title: "SIG-Windows Spotlight"
date: 2020-06-30
slug: sig-windows-spotlight-2020
---
# SIG-Windows Spotlight
_This post tells the story of how Kubernetes contributors work together to provide a container orchestrator that works for both Linux and Windows._
<img alt="Image of a computer with Kubernetes logo" width="30%" src="KubernetesComputer_transparent.png">
Most people who are familiar with Kubernetes are probably used to associating it with Linux. The connection makes sense, since Kubernetes ran on Linux from its very beginning. However, many teams and organizations working on adopting Kubernetes need the ability to orchestrate containers on Windows. Since the release of Docker and rise to popularity of containers, there have been efforts both from the community and from Microsoft itself to make container technology as accessible in Windows systems as it is in Linux systems.
Within the Kubernetes community, those who are passionate about making Kubernetes accessible to the Windows community can find a home in the Windows Special Interest Group. To learn more about SIG-Windows and the future of Kubernetes on Windows, I spoke to co-chairs [Mark Rossetti](https://github.com/marosset) and [Michael Michael](https://github.com/michmike) about the SIG's goals and how others can contribute.
## Intro to Windows Containers & Kubernetes
Kubernetes is the most popular tool for orchestrating container workloads, so to understand the Windows Special Interest Group (SIG) within the Kubernetes project, it's important to first understand what we mean when we talk about running containers on Windows.
***
_"When looking at Windows support in Kubernetes," says SIG (Special Interest Group) Co-chairs Mark Rossetti and Michael Michael, "many start drawing comparisons to Linux containers. Although some of the comparisons that highlight limitations are fair, it is important to distinguish between operational limitations and differences between the Windows and Linux operating systems. Windows containers run the Windows operating system and Linux containers run Linux."_
***
In essence, any "container" is simply a process being run on its host operating system, with some key tooling in place to isolate that process and its dependencies from the rest of the environment. The goal is to make that running process safely isolated, while taking up minimal resources from the system to perform that isolation. On Linux, the tooling used to isolate processes to create "containers" commonly boils down to cgroups and namespaces (among a few others), which are themselves tools built in to the Linux Kernel.
<img alt="A visual analogy using dogs to explain Linux cgroups and namespaces." width="40%" src="cgroupsNamespacesComboPic.png">
#### _If dogs were processes: containerization would be like giving each dog their own resources like toys and food using cgroups, and isolating troublesome dogs using namespaces._
Native Windows processes are processes that are or must be run on a Windows operating system. This makes them fundamentally different from a process running on a Linux operating system. Since Linux containers are Linux processes being isolated by the Linux kernel tools known as cgroups and namespaces, containerizing native Windows processes meant implementing similar isolation tools within the Windows kernel itself. Thus, "Windows Containers" and "Linux Containers" are fundamentally different technologies, even though they have the same goals (isolating processes) and in some ways work similarly (using kernel level containerization).
So when it comes to running containers on Windows, there are actually two very important concepts to consider:
* Native Windows processes running as native Windows Server style containers,
* and traditional Linux containers running on a Linux Kernel, generally hosted on a lightweight Hyper-V Virtual Machine.
You can learn more about Linux and Windows containers in this [tutorial](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/deploy-containers/linux-containers) from Microsoft.
### Kubernetes on Windows
Kubernetes was initially designed with Linux containers in mind and was itself designed to run on Linux systems. Because of that, much of the functionality of Kubernetes involves unique Linux functionality. The Linux-specific work is intentional--we all want Kubernetes to run optimally on Linux--but there is a growing demand for similar optimization for Windows servers. For cases where users need container orchestration on Windows, the Kubernetes contributor community of SIG-Windows has incorporated functionality for Windows-specific use cases.
***
_"A common question we get is, will I be able to have a Windows-only cluster. The answer is NO. Kubernetes control plane components will continue to be based on Linux, while SIG-Windows is concentrating on the experience of having Windows worker nodes in a Kubernetes cluster."_
***
Rather than separating out the concepts of "Windows Kubernetes," and "Linux Kubernetes," the community of SIG-Windows works toward adding functionality to the main Kubernetes project which allows it to handle use cases for Windows. These Windows capabilities mirror, and in some cases add unique functionality to, the Linux use cases Kubernetes has served since its release in 2014 (want to learn more history? Scroll through this [original design document](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/e2b948dbfbba62b8cb681189377157deee93bb43/DESIGN.md).
## What Does SIG-Windows Do?
***
_"SIG-Windows is really the center for all things Windows in Kubernetes,"_ SIG chairs Mark and Michael said, _"We mainly focus on the compute side of things, but really anything related to running Kubernetes on Windows is in scope for SIG-Windows."_
***
In order to best serve users, SIG-Windows works to make the Kubernetes user experience as consistent as possible for users of Windows and Linux. However some use cases simply only apply to one Operating System, and as such, the SIG-Windows group also works to create functionality that is unique to Windows-only workloads.
Many SIGs, or "Special Interest Groups" within Kubernetes have a narrow focus, allowing members to dive deep on a certain facet of the technology. While specific expertise is welcome, those interested in SIG-Windows will find it to be a great community to build broad understanding across many focus areas of Kubernetes. "Members from our SIG interface with storage, network, testing, cluster-lifecycle and others groups in Kubernetes."
### Who are SIG-Windows' Users?
The best way to understand the technology a group makes, is often to understand who their customers or users are.
#### "A majority of the users we've interacted with have business-critical infrastructure running on Windows developed over many years and can't move those workloads to Linux for various reasons (cost, time, compliance, etc)," the SIG chairs shared. "By transporting those workloads into Windows containers and running them in Kubernetes they are able to quickly modernize their infrastructure and help migrate it to the cloud."
As anyone in the Kubernetes space can attest, companies around the world, in many different industries, see Kubernetes as their path to modernizing their infrastructure. Often this involves re-architecting or event totally re-inventing many of the ways they've been doing business. With the goal being to make their systems more scalable, more robust, and more ready for anything the future may bring. But not every application or workload can or should change the core operating system it runs on, so many teams need the ability to run containers at scale on Windows, or Linux, or both.
"Sometimes the driver to Windows containers is a modernization effort and sometimes it’s because of expiring hardware warranties or end-of-support cycles for the current operating system. Our efforts in SIG-Windows enable Windows developers to take advantage of cloud native tools and Kubernetes to build and deploy distributed applications faster. That’s exciting! In essence, users can retain the benefits of application availability while decreasing costs."
## Who are SIG-Windows?
Who are these contributors working on enabling Windows workloads for Kubernetes? It could be you!
Like with other Kubernetes SIGs, contributors to SIG-Windows can be anyone from independent hobbyists to professionals who work at many different companies. They come from many different parts of the world and bring to the table many different skill sets.
<img alt="Image of several people chatting pleasantly" width="30%" src="PeopleDoodle_transparent.png">
_"Like most other Kubernetes SIGs, we are a very welcome and open community," explained the SIG co-chairs Michael Michael and Mark Rosetti._
### Becoming a contributor
For anyone interested in getting started, the co-chairs added, "New contributors can view old community meetings on GitHub (we record every single meeting going back three years), read our documentation, attend new community meetings, ask questions in person or on Slack, and file some issues on Github. We also attend all KubeCon conferences and host 1-2 sessions, a contributor session, and meet-the-maintainer office hours."
The co-chairs also shared a glimpse into what the path looks like to becoming a member of the SIG-Windows community:
"We encourage new contributors to initially just join our community and listen, then start asking some questions and get educated on Windows in Kubernetes. As they feel comfortable, they could graduate to improving our documentation, file some bugs/issues, and eventually they can be a code contributor by fixing some bugs. If they have long-term and sustained substantial contributions to Windows, they could become a technical lead or a chair of SIG-Windows. You won't know if you love this area unless you get started :) To get started, [visit this getting-started page](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-windows). It's a one stop shop with links to everything related to SIG-Windows in Kubernetes."
When asked if there were any useful skills for new contributors, the co-chairs said,
"We are always looking for expertise in Go and Networking and Storage, along with a passion for Windows. Those are huge skills to have. However, we don’t require such skills, and we welcome any and all contributors, with varying skill sets. If you don’t know something, we will help you acquire it."
You can get in touch with the folks at SIG-Windows in their [Slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/archives/C0SJ4AFB7) or attend one of their regular meetings - currently 30min long on Tuesdays at 12:30PM EST! You can find links to their regular meetings as well as past meeting notes and recordings from the [SIG-Windows README](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-windows#readme) on GitHub.
As a closing message from SIG-Windows:
***
#### _"We welcome you to get involved and join our community to share feedback and deployment stories, and contribute to code, docs, and improvements of any kind."_
***

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# See the OWNERS docs at https://go.k8s.io/owners
# Owned by Kubernetes Blog reviewers.
options:
no_parent_owners: false
reviewers:
- alexcontini
approvers:
- alexcontini
- sarahkconway

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Kubernetes enabled the self-healing and immutable infrastructure. We can do faster releases, so our developers are really happy. They can ship our features faster than before, and that makes our clients happier.
---
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_adform_banner1.jpg')">
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/adform/banner1.jpg')">
<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/adform_logo.png" style="width:15%;margin-bottom:0%" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">Improving Performance and Morale with Cloud Native
</div></h1>
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ The company has a large infrastructure: <a href="https://www.openstack.org/">Ope
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_adform_banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/adform/banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3text">
"The fact that Cloud Native Computing Foundation incubated Kubernetes was a really big point for us because it was vendor neutral. And we can see that a community really gathers around it. Everyone shares their experiences, their knowledge, and the fact that it’s open source, you can contribute."<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— Edgaras Apšega, IT Systems Engineer, Adform</span>
</div>
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ The first production cluster was launched in the spring of 2018, and is now up t
</div>
</section>
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<div class="banner4text">
"Releases are really nice for them, because they just push their code to Git and that’s it. They don’t have to worry about their virtual machines anymore." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— Andrius Cibulskis, IT Systems Engineer, Adform</span>
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​
<div class="article image overlay" style="background-image: url('/images/Adidas1.png')">
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<h1> CASE STUDY: adidas</h1>
<div class="subhead">Staying True to Its Culture, adidas Got 40% of Its Most Impactful Systems Running on Kubernetes in a Year</div>
</div>
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ featured: false
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<div class="article image overlay" style="background-image: url('/images/Adidas2.png');">
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<div class="quotetext">
"For me, Kubernetes is a platform made by engineers for engineers. It’s relieving the development team from tasks that they don’t want to do, but at the same time giving the visibility of what is behind the curtain, so they can also control it."
<p><div class="quoteauthortext">- FERNANDO CORNAGO, SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PLATFORM ENGINEERING AT ADIDAS</div></p>
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ featured: false
</section>
​
​
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<div class="quotetext">
“There is no competitive edge over our competitors like Puma or Nike in running and operating a Kubernetes cluster. Our competitive edge is that we teach our internal engineers how to build cool e-comm stores that are fast, that are resilient, that are running perfectly.” <p><div class="quoteauthortext">- DANIEL EICHTEN, SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PLATFORM ENGINEERING AT ADIDAS</div></p>
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featured: false
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/antfinancial_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-2.5%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Ant Financial’s Hypergrowth Strategy Using Kubernetes
</div></h1>
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ featured: false
To address those challenges and provide reliable and consistent services to its customers, Ant Financial embraced <a href="https://www.docker.com/">Docker</a> containerization in 2014. But they soon realized that they needed an orchestration solution for some tens-of-thousands-of-node clusters in the company’s data centers.
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_antfinancial_banner3.jpg')">
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<div class="banner3text">
"On Double 11 this year, we had plenty of nodes on Kubernetes, but compared to the whole scale of our infrastructure, this is still in progress."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- RANGER YU, GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIP & DEVELOPMENT, ANT FINANCIAL</span>
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ featured: false
All core financial systems were containerized by November 2017, and the migration to Kubernetes is ongoing. Ant’s platform also leverages a number of other CNCF projects, including <a href="https://prometheus.io/">Prometheus</a>, <a href="https://opentracing.io/">OpenTracing</a>, <a href="https://coreos.com/etcd/">etcd</a> and <a href="https://coredns.io/">CoreDNS</a>. “On Double 11 this year, we had plenty of nodes on Kubernetes, but compared to the whole scale of our infrastructure, this is still in progress,” says Ranger Yu, Global Technology Partnership & Development.
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_antfinancial_banner4.jpg')">
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<div class="banner4text">
"We’re very grateful for CNCF and this amazing technology, which we need as we continue to scale globally. We’re definitely embracing the community and open source more in the future." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- HAOJIE HANG, PRODUCT MANAGEMENT, ANT FINANCIAL</span>
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We made the right decisions at the right time. Kubernetes and the cloud native technologies are now seen as the de facto ecosystem.
---
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<div class="banner1" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/appdirect/banner1.jpg')">
<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/appdirect_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="margin-bottom:-2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%;font-size:0.5em">AppDirect: How AppDirect Supported the 10x Growth of Its Engineering Staff with Kubernetess
</div></h1>
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ quote: >
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_appdirect_banner3.jpg')">
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<div class="banner3text">
"We made the right decisions at the right time. Kubernetes and the cloud native technologies are now seen as the de facto ecosystem. We know where to focus our efforts in order to tackle the new wave of challenges we face as we scale out. The community is so active and vibrant, which is a great complement to our awesome internal team."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Alexandre Gervais, Staff Software Developer, AppDirect
</span>
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ quote: >
Lacerte’s strategy ultimately worked because of the very real impact the Kubernetes platform has had to deployment time. Due to less dependency on custom-made, brittle shell scripts with SCP commands, time to deploy a new version has shrunk from 4 hours to a few minutes. Additionally, the company invested a lot of effort to make things self-service for developers. "Onboarding a new service doesn’t require <a href="https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira">Jira</a> tickets or meeting with three different teams," says Lacerte. Today, the company sees 1,600 deployments per week, compared to 1-30 before.
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_appdirect_banner4.jpg');width:100%;">
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/appdirect/banner4.jpg');width:100%;">
<div class="banner4text">
"I think our velocity would have slowed down a lot if we didn’t have this new infrastructure."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Pierre-Alexandre Lacerte, Director of Software Development, AppDirect</span>
</div>

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<h1> CASE STUDY: Babylon</h1>
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Instead of waiting hours or days to be able to compute, teams can get access instantaneously. Clinical validations used to take 10 hours; now they are done in under 20 minutes. The portability of the cloud native platform has also enabled Babylon to expand into other countries.</div>
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“Kubernetes is a great platform for machine learning because it comes with all the scheduling and scalability that you need.”
<p><div class="quoteauthortext">- JÉRÉMIE VALLÉE, AI INFRASTRUCTURE LEAD AT BABYLON</div></p>
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“Giving a Kubernetes-based platform to our data scientists has meant increased security, increased innovation through empowerment, and a more affordable health service as our cloud engineers are building an experience that is used by hundreds on a daily basis, rather than supporting specific bespoke use cases.” <p><div class="quoteauthortext">- JEAN MARIE FERDEGUE, DIRECTOR OF PLATFORM OPERATIONS AT BABYLON</div></p>
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<h1> CASE STUDY: Booking.com</h1>
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“As our users learn Kubernetes and become more sophisticated Kubernetes users, they put pressure on us to provide a better, more native Kubernetes experience, which is great. It’s a super healthy dynamic.”
<p><div class="quoteauthortext">- BEN TYLER, PRINCIPAL DEVELOPER, B PLATFORM TRACK AT BOOKING.COM</div></p>
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“We have a tutorial. You follow the tutorial. Your code is running. Then, it’s business-logic time. The time to gain access to resources is decreased enormously.” <p><div class="quoteauthortext">- BEN TYLER, PRINCIPAL DEVELOPER, B PLATFORM TRACK AT BOOKING.COM</div></p>
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<h1> CASE STUDY: Booz Allen Hamilton</h1>
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"When there’s a regulatory change in an agency, or a legislative change in Congress, or an executive order that changes the way you do business, how do I deploy that and get that out to the people who need it rapidly? At the end of the day, that’s the problem we’re trying to help the government solve with tools like Kubernetes."
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"Kubernetes alone enables a dramatic reduction in cost as resources are prioritized to the day’s event" <p><div class="quoteauthortext">- MARTIN FOLKOFF, SENIOR LEAD TECHNOLOGIST AT BOOZ ALLEN HAMILTON</div></p>
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The CNCF Landscape quickly explains what’s going on in all the different areas from storage to cloud providers to automation and so forth. This is our shopping cart to build a cloud infrastructure. We can go choose from the different aisles.
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/bose_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-1.2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Bose: Supporting Rapid Development for Millions of IoT Products With Kubernetes
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"Everybody on the team thinks in terms of automation, leaning out the processes, getting things done as quickly as possible. When you step back and look at what it means for a 50-plus-year-old speaker company to have that sort of culture, it really is quite incredible, and I think the tools that we use and the foundation that we’ve built with them is a huge piece of that."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Dylan O’Mahony, Cloud Architecture Manager, Bose</span>
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"The CNCF Landscape quickly explains what’s going on in all the different areas from storage to cloud providers to automation and so forth. This is our shopping cart to build a cloud infrastructure. We can go choose from the different aisles." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Josh West, Lead Cloud Engineer, Bose</span>
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"We want to provide the tools in the same ecosystem, in a consistent way, rather than have a large custom snowflake ecosystem where every tool needs its own custom deployment. Kubernetes gives us the ability to bring all of these together, so the richness of the open source and even the license community dealing with big data can be corralled."
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With Kubernetes, "a team can come to us and we can have them up and running with a basic decisioning app in a fortnight, which before would have taken a whole quarter, if not longer. Kubernetes is a manifold productivity multiplier."
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<h1> CASE STUDY: CERN<br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">CERN: Processing Petabytes of Data More Efficiently with Kubernetes
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"Before, the tendency was always: ‘I need this, I get a couple of developers, and I implement it.’ Right now it’s ‘I need this, I’m sure other people also need this, so I’ll go and ask around.’ The CNCF is a good source because there’s a very large catalog of applications available. It’s very hard right now to justify developing a new product in-house. There is really no real reason to keep doing that. It’s much easier for us to try it out, and if we see it’s a good solution, we try to reach out to the community and start working with that community." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Ricardo Rocha, Software Engineer, CERN</span>
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"With Kubernetes, there’s a well-established technology and a big community that we can contribute to. It allows us to do our physics analysis without having to focus so much on the lower level software. This is just exciting. We are looking forward to keep contributing to the community and collaborating with everyone."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Ricardo Rocha, Software Engineer, CERN</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/chinaunicom_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%;line-height:1.4em">China Unicom: How China Unicom Leveraged Kubernetes to Boost Efficiency<br>and Lower IT&nbsp;Costs
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"We could never imagine we can achieve this scalability in such a short time."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Chengyu Zhang, Group Leader of Platform Technology R&D, China Unicom</span>
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"This technology is relatively complicated, but as long as developers get used to it, they can enjoy all the benefits." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Jie Jia, Member of Platform Technology R&D, China Unicom</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/montreal_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-1.2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">City of Montréal - How the City of Montréal Is Modernizing Its 30-Year-Old, Siloed&nbsp;Architecture&nbsp;with&nbsp;Kubernetes
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The first step to modernize the architecture was containerization. “We based our effort on the new trends; we understood the benefits of immutability and deployments without downtime and such things,” says Solutions Architect Marc Khouzam. The team started with a small Docker farm with four or five servers, with Rancher for providing access to the Docker containers and their logs and Jenkins for deployment.
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"Getting a project running in Kubernetes is entirely dependent on how long you need to program the actual software. It’s no longer dependent on deployment. Deployment is so fast that it’s negligible."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- MARC KHOUZAM, SOLUTIONS ARCHITECT, CITY OF MONTRÉAL</span>
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Another important factor in the decision was vendor neutrality. “As a government entity, it is essential for us to be neutral in our selection of products and providers,” says Thibault. “The independence of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation from any company provides this.”
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"Kubernetes has been great. It’s been stable, and it provides us with elasticity, resilience, and robustness. While re-architecting for Kubernetes, we also benefited from the monitoring and logging aspects, with centralized logging, Prometheus logging, and Grafana dashboards. We have enhanced visibility of what’s being deployed." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- MORGAN MARTINET, ENTERPRISE ARCHITECT, CITY OF MONTRÉAL</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY: Denso</h1>
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Critical layer features can take 2-3 years to implement in the traditional, waterfall model of development at DENSO. With the Kubernetes platform and agile methods, there’s a 2-month development cycle for non-critical software. Now, ten new applications are released a year, and a new prototype is introduced every week. "By utilizing Kubernetes managed services, such as GKE/EKS/AKS, we can unify the environment and simplify our maintenance operation," says Koizumi.
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"Another disruptive innovation is coming, so to survive in this situation, we need to change our culture."
<p><div class="quoteauthortext">- SEIICHI KOIZUMI, R&D PRODUCT MANAGER, DIGITAL INNOVATION DEPARTMENT AT DENSO</div></p>
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"By utilizing Kubernetes managed services, such as GKE/EKS/AKS, we can unify the environment and simplify our maintenance operation." <p><div class="quoteauthortext">- SEIICHI KOIZUMI, R&D PRODUCT MANAGER, DIGITAL INNOVATION DEPARTMENT AT DENSO</div></p>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/ibm_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:10%"><br> <div class="subhead">Building an Image Trust Service on Kubernetes with Notary and TUF</div></h1>
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"Image signing is one key part of our Kubernetes container service offering, and our container registry team saw Notary as the de facto way to implement that capability in the current Docker and container ecosystem"<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Michael Hough, a software developer with the IBM Cloud Container Registry team</span>
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"With our IBM Cloud Kubernetes as-a-service offering and the admission controller we have made available, it allows both IBM services as well as customers of the IBM public cloud to use security policies to control service deployment."<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Michael Hough, a software developer with the IBM Cloud Container Registry team</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/ing_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:-1.5%;" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead"> Driving Banking Innovation with Cloud Native
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"We decided to standardize ING on a Kubernetes framework." Everything is run on premise due to banking regulations, he adds, but "we will be building an internal public cloud. We are trying to get on par with what public clouds are doing. That’s one of the reasons we got Kubernetes."
<span style="font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.1em;"><br><br>— Thijs Ebbers, Infrastructure Architect, ING</span>
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"We have to run the complete platform of services we need, many routing from different places. We need this Kubernetes framework for deploying the containers, with all those components, monitoring, logging. It’s complex." <span style="font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.1em;"><br><br>— Onno Van der Voort, Infrastructure Architect, ING</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/jdcom_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:17%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">JD.com: How JD.com Pioneered Kubernetes for E-Commerce at Hyperscale
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"We customized Kubernetes and built a modern system on top of it. This entire ecosystem of Kubernetes plus our own optimizations have helped us save costs and time."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- HAIFENG LIU, CHIEF ARCHITECT, JD.com</span>
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"My advice is first you need to combine this technology with your own businesses, and the second is you need clear goals. You cannot just use the technology because others are using it. You need to consider your own objectives." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- HAIFENG LIU, CHIEF ARCHITECT, JD.com</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/naic_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:18%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">A Culture and Technology Transition Enabled by Kubernetes</div></h1>
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"In our experience, vendor lock-in and tooling that is highly specific results in less resilient technology with fewer minds working to solve problems and grow the community." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Dan Barker, Chief Enterprise Architect, NAIC</span>
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"We knew that Kubernetes had become the de facto standard for container orchestration. Two major factors for selecting this were the three major cloud vendors hosting their own versions and having it hosted in a neutral party as fully open source."<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Dan Barker, Chief Enterprise Architect, NAIC</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/nav_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:15%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">How A Startup Reduced Its Infrastructure Costs by 50% With Kubernetes
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"The community is absolutely vital: being able to pass ideas around, talk about a lot of the similar challenges that we’re all facing, and just get help. I like that we’re able to tackle the same problems for different reasons but help each other along the way."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Travis Jeppson, Director of Engineering, Nav</span>
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Jeppson’s four-person Engineering Services team got Kubernetes up and running in six months (they decided to use <a href="http://kubespray.io/">Kubespray</a> to spin up clusters), and the full migration of Nav’s 25 microservices and one primary monolith was completed in another six months. “We couldn’t rewrite everything; we couldn’t stop,” he says. “We had to stay up, we had to stay available, and we had to have minimal amount of downtime. So we got really comfortable around our building pipeline, our metrics and logging, and then around Kubernetes itself: how to launch it, how to upgrade it, how to service it. And we moved little by little.”
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“Kubernetes has brought so much value to Nav by allowing all of these new freedoms that we had just never had before.” <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Travis Jeppson, Director of Engineering, Nav</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/nerdalize_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Nerdalize: Providing Affordable and Sustainable Cloud Hosting with Kubernetes
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After trying to develop its own scheduling system using another open source tool, Nerdalize found Kubernetes. “Kubernetes provided us with more functionality out of the gate,” says van der Veer.
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“We always try to get a working version online first, like minimal viable products, and then move to stabilize that,” says van der Veer. “And I think that these kinds of day-two problems are now immediately solved. The rapid prototyping we saw internally is a very valuable aspect of Kubernetes.”<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>— AD VAN DER VEER, PRODUCT ENGINEER, NERDALIZE</span>
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Not to mention the 40% cost savings. “Every euro that we have to invest for licensing of software that’s not open source comes from that 40%,” says van der Veer. If Nerdalize had used a non-open source orchestration platform instead of Kubernetes, “that would reduce our cost savings proposition to like 30%. Kubernetes directly allows us to have this business model and this strategic advantage.”
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“One of our customers used to spend up to a day setting up the virtual machines, network and software every time they wanted to run a project in the cloud. On our platform, with Docker and Kubernetes, customers can have their projects running in a couple of minutes.”
<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- MAAIKE STOOPS, CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE QUEEN, NERDALIZE</span>

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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/netease_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:22%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%"> How NetEase Leverages Kubernetes to Support Internet Business Worldwide</div></h1>
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After considering building its own orchestration solution, NetEase decided to base its private cloud platform on <a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a>. The fact that the technology came out of Google gave the team confidence that it could keep up with NetEase’s scale. “After our 2-to-3-month evaluation, we believed it could satisfy our needs,” says Feng.
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"We leveraged the programmability of Kubernetes so that we can build a platform to satisfy the needs of our internal customers for upgrades and deployment."
<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Feng Changjian, Architect for NetEase Cloud and Container Service, NetEase</span>
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And the team is continuing to make improvements. For example, the e-commerce part of the business needs to leverage mixed deployments, which in the past required using two separate platforms: the infrastructure-as-a-service platform and the Kubernetes platform. More recently, NetEase has created a cross-platform application that enables using both with one-command deployment.
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"As long as a company has a mature team and enough developers, I think Kubernetes is a very good technology that can help them."
<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Li Lanqing, Kubernetes Developer, NetEase</span>

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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/newyorktimes_logo.png" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">The New York Times: From Print to the Web to Cloud Native
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"We had some internal tooling that attempted to do what Kubernetes does for containers, but for VMs. We asked why are we building and maintaining these tools ourselves?"
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"Right now, every team is running a small Kubernetes cluster, but it would be nice if we could all live in a larger ecosystem," says Kapadia. "Then we can harness the power of things like service mesh proxies that can actually do a lot of instrumentation between microservices, or service-to-service orchestration. Those are the new things that we want to experiment with as we go forward."

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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/nokia_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-2.2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Nokia: Enabling 5G and DevOps at a Telecom Company with Kubernetes
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"Having the community and CNCF around Kubernetes is not only important for having a connection to other companies who are using Kubernetes and a forum where you can ask or discuss features of Kubernetes. But as a company who would like to contribute to Kubernetes, it was very important to have a CLA (Contributors License Agreement) which is connected to the CNCF and not to a particular company. That was a critical step for us to start contributing to Kubernetes and Helm."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Gergely Csatari, Senior Open Source Engineer, Nokia</span>
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"Kubernetes opened the window to all of these open source projects instead of implementing everything in house. Our engineers can focus more on the application level, which is actually the thing what we are selling, and not on the infrastructure level. For us, the most important thing about Kubernetes is it allows us to focus on value creation of our business." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Gergely Csatari, Senior Open Source Engineer, Nokia</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/nordstrom_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="margin-bottom:-1.5% !important;width:20% !important;"><br> <div class="subhead">Finding Millions in Potential Savings in a Tough Retail Climate
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"We made a bet that Kubernetes was going to take off, informed by early indicators of community support and project velocity, so we rebuilt our system with Kubernetes at the core,"
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"Teams running on our Kubernetes cluster loved the fact that they had fewer issues to worry about. They didn’t need to manage infrastructure or operating systems," says Grigoriu. "Early adopters loved the declarative nature of Kubernetes. They loved the reduced surface area they had to deal with."
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<h2>Challenge</h2>
In the spring of 2015, Northwestern Mutual acquired a fintech startup, LearnVest, and decided to take "Northwestern Mutual’s leading products and services and meld it with LearnVest’s digital experience and innovative financial planning platform," says Brad Williams, Director of Engineering for Client Experience, Northwestern Mutual. The company’s existing infrastructure had been optimized for batch workflows hosted on on-prem networks; deployments were very traditional, focused on following a process instead of providing deployment agility. "We had to build a platform that was elastically scalable, but also much more responsive, so we could quickly get data to the client website so our end-customers have the experience they expect," says Williams.
In the spring of 2015, Northwestern Mutual acquired a fintech startup, LearnVest, and decided to take "Northwestern Mutual’s leading products and services and meld it with LearnVest’s digital experience and innovative financial planning platform," says Brad Williams, Director of Engineering for Client Experience, Northwestern Mutual. The company’s existing infrastructure had been optimized for batch workflows hosted on on-prem networks; deployments were very traditional, focused on following a process instead of providing deployment agility. "We had to build a platform that was elastically scalable, but also much more responsive, so we could quickly get data to the client website so our end-customers have the experience they expect," says Williams.
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<h2>Solution</h2>
The platform team came up with a plan for using the public cloud (AWS), Docker containers, and Kubernetes for orchestration. "Kubernetes gave us that base framework so teams can be very autonomous in what they’re building and deliver very quickly and frequently," says Northwestern Mutual Cloud Native Engineer Frank Greco Jr. The team also built and open-sourced <a href="https://github.com/northwesternmutual/kanali">Kanali</a>, a Kubernetes-native API management tool that uses OpenTracing, Jaeger, and gRPC.
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"Kubernetes has definitely been the right choice for us. It gave us that base framework so teams can be autonomous in what they’re building and deliver very quickly and frequently."
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Williams and the rest of the platform team decided that the first step would be to start moving from private data centers to AWS. With a new microservice architecture in mind—and the freedom to implement what was best for the organization—they began using Docker containers. After looking into the various container orchestration options, they went with Kubernetes, even though it was still in beta at the time. "There was some debate whether we should build something ourselves, or just leverage that product and evolve with it," says Northwestern Mutual Cloud Native Engineer Frank Greco Jr. "Kubernetes has definitely been the right choice for us. It gave us that base framework so teams can be autonomous in what they’re building and deliver very quickly and frequently."<br><br>
As early adopters, the team had to do a lot of work with Ansible scripts to stand up the cluster. "We had a lot of hard security requirements given the nature of our business," explains Bryan Pfremmer, App Platform Teams Manager, Northwestern Mutual. "We found ourselves running a configuration that very few other people ever tried." The client experience group was the first to use the new platform; today, a few hundred of the company’s 1,500 engineers are using it and more are eager to get on board.
The results have been dramatic. Before, infrastructure deployments could take two weeks; now, it is done in a matter of minutes. Now with a focus on Infrastructure automation, and self-service, "You can take an app to production in that same day if you want to," says Pfremmer.
The results have been dramatic. Before, infrastructure deployments could take two weeks; now, it is done in a matter of minutes. Now with a focus on Infrastructure automation, and self-service, "You can take an app to production in that same day if you want to," says Pfremmer.
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"Now, developers have autonomy, they can use this whenever they want, however they want. It becomes more valuable the more instrumentation downstream that happens, as we mature in it."
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<h2>Impact</h2>
With Kubernetes, "the speed from idea to implementation to deployment is amazing," says Bryant. "I’ve seen features go from development to production inside of a week now. In the old world, a new application deployment could easily take over a month." And because there are no longer restrictive deployment windows in the warehouses, the rate of deployments has gone from as few as two per week to dozens per week. Ocado has also achieved cost savings because Kubernetes gives the team the ability to have more fine-grained resource allocation. Says DevOps Team Leader Kevin McCormack: "We have more confidence in the resource allocation/separation features of Kubernetes, so we have been able to migrate from around 10 fleet clusters to one Kubernetes cluster." The team also uses <a href="https://prometheus.io/">Prometheus</a> and <a href="https://grafana.com/">Grafana</a> to visualize resource allocation, and makes the data available to developers. "The increased visibility offered by Prometheus means developers are more aware of what they are using and how their use impacts others, especially since we now have one shared cluster," says McCormack. "I’d estimate that we use about 15-25% less hardware resources to host the same applications in Kubernetes in our test environments."
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"We were looking for a platform with wide adoption, and that was where the momentum was, the two paths converged, and we didn’t even go through any proof-of-concept stage. The Code for Life work served that purpose," <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Kevin McCormack, DevOps Team Leader, Ocado</span>
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"The unified API of Kubernetes means this is all in one place, and it’s one flow for approval and rollout. I’ve seen features go from development to production inside of a week now. In the old world, a new application deployment could easily take over a month." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br><br>- Mike Bryant, Platform Engineer, Ocado</span>
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OpenAI’s experiments take advantage of Kubernetes’ benefits, including portability. "Because Kubernetes provides a consistent API, we can move our research experiments very easily between clusters..."
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"One of our researchers who is working on a new distributed training system has been able to get his experiment running in two or three days," says Berner. "In a week or two he scaled it out to hundreds of GPUs. Previously, that would have easily been a couple of months of work."
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We’re already seeing tremendous benefits with Kubernetes—improved engineering productivity, faster delivery of applications and a simplified infrastructure. But this is just the beginning. Kubernetes will help transform the way that educational content is delivered online.
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/pearson_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:-1.5%;" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">Reinventing the World’s Largest Education Company With Kubernetes
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The team adopted Kubernetes when it was still version 1.2 and are still going strong now on 1.7; they use Terraform and Ansible to deploy it on to basic AWS primitives. "We were trying to understand how we can create value for Pearson from this technology," says Ben Somogyi, Principal Architect for the Cloud Platforms. "It turned out that Kubernetes’ benefits are huge. We’re trying to help our applications development teams that use our platform go faster, so we filled that gap with a CI/CD pipeline that builds their images for them, standardizes them, patches everything up, allows them to deploy their different environments onto the cluster, and obfuscating the details of how difficult the work underneath the covers is."
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"Your internal customers need to feel like they are choosing the very best option for them. We are experiencing this first hand in the growth of adoption. We are seeing triple-digit, year-on-year growth of the service."<span style="font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.1em;"><br><br>— Chris Jackson, Director for Cloud Platforms & SRE at Pearson</span>
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Jackson estimates they’ve achieved a 15-20% boost in productivity for developer teams who adopt the platform. They also see a reduction in the number of customer-impacting incidents. Plus, says Jackson, "Teams who were previously limited to 1-2 releases per academic year can now ship code multiple times per day!"
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"Teams who were previously limited to 1-2 releases per academic year can now ship code multiple times per day!" <span style="font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.1em;"><br><br>— Chris Jackson, Director for Cloud Platforms & SRE at Pearson</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/pingcap_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-1.5%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">PingCAP Bets on Cloud Native for Its TiDB Database Platform
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Knowing that using a distributed system isn’t easy, the PingCAP team began looking for the right orchestration layer to help reduce some of that complexity for end users. Kubernetes had been on their radar for quite some time. "We knew Kubernetes had the promise of helping us solve our problems," says Xu. "We were just waiting for it to mature."
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"With the governance process being so open, it’s not hard to find out what’s the latest development in the technology and community, or figure out who to reach out to if we have problems or issues."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- KEVIN XU, GENERAL MANAGER OF GLOBAL STRATEGY AND OPERATIONS, PINGCAP</span>
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TiDB’s cloud native architecture consists of a stateless SQL layer (also called TiDB) and a persistent key-value storage layer that supports distributed transactions (<a href="https://github.com/tikv/tikv">TiKV</a>, which is now in the CNCF Sandbox), which are loosely coupled. "You can scale both out or in depending on your computation and storage needs, and the two scaling processes can happen independent of each other," says Xu. The PingCAP team also built the <a href="https://github.com/pingcap/tidb-operator">TiDB Operator</a> based on Kubernetes, which helps bootstrap a TiDB cluster on any cloud environment and simplifies and automates deployment, scaling, scheduling, upgrades, and maintenance. The company also recently previewed its fully-managed <a href="https://www.pingcap.com/blog/announcing-tidb-cloud-managed-as-a-service-and-in-the-marketplace/">TiDB Cloud</a> offering.
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"A cloud native infrastructure will not only save you money and allow you to be more in control of the infrastructure resources you consume, but also empower new product innovation, new experience for your users, and new business possibilities. It’s both a cost reducer and a money maker." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- KEVIN XU, GENERAL MANAGER OF GLOBAL STRATEGY AND OPERATIONS, PINGCAP</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/pinterest_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:-1%" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">Pinning Its Past, Present, and Future on Cloud Native
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"Though Kubernetes lacked certain things we wanted, we realized that by the time we get to productionizing many of those things, we’ll be able to leverage what the community is doing." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— MICHEAL BENEDICT, PRODUCT MANAGER FOR THE CLOUD AND THE DATA INFRASTRUCTURE GROUP AT PINTEREST</span>
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"So far it’s been good, especially the elasticity around how we can configure our Jenkins workloads on Kubernetes shared cluster. That is the win we were pushing for." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— MICHEAL BENEDICT, PRODUCT MANAGER FOR THE CLOUD AND THE DATA INFRASTRUCTURE GROUP AT PINTEREST</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/prowise_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Prowise: How Kubernetes is Enabling the Edtech Solution’s Global Expansion
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The company’s existing infrastructure on Microsoft Azure Cloud was all on virtual machines, “a pretty traditional setup,” van den Bosch says. “We decided that we want some features in our software that requires being able to scale quickly, being able to deploy new applications and versions on different versions of different programming languages quickly. And we didn’t really want the hassle of trying to keep those servers in a particular state.”
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"You don’t have to go all-in immediately. You can just take a few projects, a service, run it alongside your more traditional stack, and build it up from there. Kubernetes scales, so as you add applications and services to it, it will scale with you. You don’t have to do it all at once, and that’s really a secret to everything, but especially true to Kubernetes."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>— VICTOR VAN DEN BOSCH, SENIOR DEVOPS ENGINEER, PROWISE</span>
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With its first web-based applications now running in beta on Prowise’s Kubernetes platform, the team is seeing the benefits of rapid and smooth deployments. “The old way of deploying took half an hour of preparations and half an hour deploying it. With Kubernetes, it’s a couple of seconds,” says Senior Developer Bart Haalstra. As a result, adds van den Bosch, “We’ve gone from quarterly releases to a release every month in production. We’re pretty much deploying every hour or just when we find that a feature is ready for production. Before, our releases were mostly done on off-hours, where it couldn’t impact our customers, as our confidence the process itself was relatively low. With Kubernetes, we dare to deploy in the middle of a busy day with high confidence the deployment will succeed.”
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"Kubernetes allows us to really consider the best tools for a problem. Want to have a full-fledged analytics application developed by a third party that is just right for your use case? Run it. Dabbling in machine learning and AI algorithms but getting tired of waiting days for training to complete? It takes only seconds to scale it. Got a stubborn developer that wants to use a programming language no one has heard of? Let him, if it runs in a container, of course. And all of that while your operations team/DevOps get to sleep at night." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- VICTOR VAN DEN BOSCH, SENIOR DEVOPS ENGINEER, PROWISE</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/ricardoch_logo.png" class="/images/header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">ricardo.ch: How Kubernetes Improved Velocity and DevOps Harmony
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To address the velocity issue, ricardo.ch CTO Jeremy Seitz established a new software factory called EPD, which consists of 65 engineers, 7 product managers and 2 designers. "We brought these three departments together so that they can kind of streamline this and talk to each other much more closely," says Meury.
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"Being in the End User Community demonstrates that we stand behind these technologies. In Switzerland, if all the companies see that ricardo.ch’s using it, I think that will help adoption. I also like that we’re connected to the other end users, so if there is a really heavy problem, I could go to the Slack channel, and say, ‘Hey, you guys…’ Like Reddit, Github and New York Times or whoever can give a recommendation on what to use here or how to solve that. So that’s kind of a superpower."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>— CEDRIC MEURY, HEAD OF PLATFORM ENGINEERING, RICARDO.CH</span>
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Meury estimates that half of the application has been migrated to Kubernetes. And the plan is to move everything to the Google Cloud Platform by the end of 2018. "We are still running some servers in our own data centers, but all of the containerization efforts and describing our services as Kubernetes manifests will allow us to quite easily make that shift," says Meury.
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"One of the core moments was when a front-end developer asked me how to do a port forward from his laptop to a front-end application to debug, and I told him the command. And he was like, ‘Wow, that’s all I need to do?’ He was super excited and happy about it. That showed me that this power in the right hands can just accelerate development."
<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- CEDRIC MEURY, HEAD OF PLATFORM ENGINEERING, RICARDO.CH</span>

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After an evaluation of existing technologies, Ji’s team chose <a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a> for orchestration. "CNCF brings quality assurance and a complete ecosystem for Kubernetes, which is very important for the wide application of Kubernetes," says Ji. Plus, "avoiding binding to an infrastructure technology or provider can help us ensure that our business is deployed and migrated in cross-regional environments, and can serve users all over the world."
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"CNCF brings quality assurance and a complete ecosystem for Kubernetes, which is very important for the wide application of Kubernetes."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- BENNIU JI, DIRECTOR OF CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS DIVISION</span>
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The company uses <a href="https://goharbor.io/">Harbor</a> as a container image repository. "Harbor’s replication function helps us implement CI/CD on both private and public clouds," says Ji. "In addition, multi-project support, certification and policy configuration, and integration with Kubernetes are also excellent functions." <a href="https://helm.sh/">Helm</a> is also being used as a package manager, and the team is evaluating the Istio framework. "We’re very pleased that Kubernetes and these frameworks can be seamlessly integrated," Ji adds.
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"Cloud native is suitable for microservice architecture, it’s suitable for fast iteration and agile development, and it has a relatively perfect ecosystem and active community." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- BENNIU JI, DIRECTOR OF CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS DIVISION</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/slingtv_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:-1.5%;width:15% !important" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead" style="padding-top:1% !important">Sling TV: Marrying Kubernetes and AI to Enable Proper Web Scale
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“We needed the flexibility to enable our use case versus just a simple orchestrater. Enabling our future in a way that did not give us vendor lock-in was also a key part of our strategy. I think that is part of the Rancher value&nbsp;proposition.” <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— Brad Linder, Cloud Native & Big Data Evangelist for Sling TV</span>
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“We have to be able to react to changes and hiccups in the matrix. It is the foundation for our ability to deliver a high-quality service for our customers." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— Brad Linder, Cloud Native & Big Data Evangelist for Sling TV</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/sos_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:20%;margin-bottom:-1.2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">SOS International: Using Kubernetes to Provide Emergency Assistance in a Connected World
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"We have to deliver new digital services, but we also have to migrate the old stuff, and we have to transform our core systems into new systems built on top of this platform. One of the reasons why we chose this technology is that we could build new digital services while changing the old one."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Martin Ahrentsen, Head of Enterprise Architecture, SOS International</span>
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"During our onboarding, we could see that we were chosen by IT professionals because we provided the new technologies." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Martin Ahrentsen, Head of Enterprise Architecture, SOS International</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY: Spotify<br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Spotify: An Early Adopter of Containers, Spotify Is Migrating from Homegrown Orchestration to Kubernetes
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"The community has been extremely helpful in getting us to work through all the technology much faster and much easier. And it’s helped us validate all the things we’re doing." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- Dave Zolotusky, Software Engineer, Infrastructure and Operations, Spotify</span>
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"We were able to use a lot of the Kubernetes APIs and extensibility features to support and interface with our legacy infrastructure, so the integration was straightforward and easy."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- James Wen, Site Reliability Engineer, Spotify</span>
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After experimenting with another container orchestration platform and "breaking it in very painful ways," Lynch says, the team began experimenting with Kubernetes in mid-2016 and found that it "answered all the questions that we had."
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"We switched to Kubernetes, a new world....It allowed us to streamline our process, so we can now easily create an entire microservice project from templates," Lynch says. And the whole process takes only five minutes, an almost 85% reduction in time compared to their VM deployment.
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"We wanted to make sure that our engineers could embrace the DevOps mindset as they built software," Homer says. "It was really important to us that they could own the life cycle from end to end, from conception at design, through shipping it and running it in production, from marketing to ecommerce, the user experience and our internal distribution center operations."
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"Kubernetes enabled auto scaling in a seamless and easily manageable way on days like Black Friday. We no longer have to sit there adding instances, monitoring the traffic, doing a lot of manual work."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- CHRIS HOMER, COFOUNDER/CTO, THREDUP</span>
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According to the infrastructure team, the key improvement was the consistent experience Kubernetes enabled for developers. "It lets developers work in the same environment that their application will be running in production," says Infrastructure Engineer Oleksandr Snagovskyi. Plus, "It became easier to test, easier to refine, and easier to deploy, because everything’s done automatically," says Infrastructure Engineer Oleksii Asiutin. "One of the main goals of our team is to make developers’ lives more comfortable, and we are achieving this with Kubernetes. They can experiment with existing applications and create new services, and do it all blazingly fast."
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"One of the main goals of our team is to make developers’ lives more comfortable, and we are achieving this with Kubernetes. They can experiment with existing applications and create new services, and do it all blazingly fast." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- OLEKSII ASIUTIN, INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEER, THREDUP</span>
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<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/vsco_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:17%;margin-bottom:-2%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">VSCO: How a Mobile App Saved 70% on Its EC2 Bill with Cloud Native
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"Kubernetes seemed to have the strongest open source community around it, plus, we had started to standardize on a lot of the Google stack, with Go as a language, and gRPC for almost all communication between our own services inside the data center. So it seemed pretty natural for us to choose Kubernetes."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- MELINDA LU, ENGINEERING MANAGER FOR VSCO'S MACHINE LEARNING TEAM</span>
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ featured: false
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_vsco_banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/vsco/banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4text">
"I've been really impressed seeing how our engineers have come up with really creative solutions to things by just combining a lot of Kubernetes primitives, exposing Kubernetes constructs as a service to our engineers as opposed to exposing higher order constructs has worked well for us. It lets you get familiar with the technology and do more interesting things with it." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- MELINDA LU, ENGINEERING MANAGER FOR VSCO’S MACHINE LEARNING TEAM</span>
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---
<div class="banner1" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_woorank_banner1.jpg')">
<div class="banner1" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/woorank/banner1.jpg')">
<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/woorank_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%">Woorank: How Kubernetes Helped a Startup Manage 50 Microservices with<br>12 Engineers—At 30% Less Cost
</div></h1>
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ featured: false
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_woorank_banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/woorank/banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3text">
"Cloud native technologies have brought to us a transparency on everything going on in our system, from the code to the server. It has brought huge cost savings and a better way of dealing with those costs and keeping them under control. And performance-wise, it has helped our team understand how we can make our code work better on the cloud native infrastructure."<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>— NILS DE MOOR, CTO/COFOUNDER, WOORANK</span>
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ featured: false
The company’s number one concern was immediately erased: Maintaining Kubernetes is the responsibility of just one person on staff, and it’s not his fulltime job. Updating the old infrastructure “was always a pain,” says De Moor: It used to take two active working days, “and it was always a bit scary when we did that.” With Kubernetes, it’s just a matter of “a few hours of passively following the process.”
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_woorank_banner4.jpg')" style="width:100%">
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/woorank/banner4.jpg')" style="width:100%">
<div class="banner4text">
"When things fail and errors pop up, the system tries to heal itself, and that’s really, for us, the key reason to work with Kubernetes. It allowed us to set up certain testing frameworks to just be alerted when things go wrong, instead of having to look at whether everything went right. It’s made people’s lives much easier. It’s quite a big mindset change." <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- NILS DE MOOR, CTO/COFOUNDER, WOORANK</span>
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ quote: >
With OpenTracing, my team was able to look at a trace and make optimization suggestions to another team without ever looking at their code.
---
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_workiva_banner1.jpg')">
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/workiva/banner1.jpg')">
<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/workiva_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:0%" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">Using OpenTracing to Help Pinpoint the Bottlenecks
</div></h1>
@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ quote: >
<a href="https://www.workiva.com/">Workiva</a> offers a cloud-based platform for managing and reporting business data. This SaaS product, Wdesk, is used by more than 70 percent of the Fortune 500 companies. As the company made the shift from a monolith to a more distributed, microservice-based system, "We had a number of people working on this, all on different teams, so we needed to identify what the issues were and where the bottlenecks were," says Senior Software Architect MacLeod Broad. With back-end code running on Google App Engine, Google Compute Engine, as well as Amazon Web Services, Workiva needed a tracing system that was agnostic of platform. While preparing one of the company’s first products utilizing AWS, which involved a "sync and link" feature that linked data from spreadsheets built in the new application with documents created in the old application on Workiva’s existing system, Broad’s team found an ideal use case for tracing: There were circular dependencies, and optimizations often turned out to be micro-optimizations that didn’t impact overall speed.
<br>
</div>
<div class="col2">
<h2>Solution</h2>
Broad’s team introduced the platform-agnostic distributed tracing system OpenTracing to help them pinpoint the bottlenecks.
Broad’s team introduced the platform-agnostic distributed tracing system OpenTracing to help them pinpoint the bottlenecks.
<br>
<h2>Impact</h2>
Now used throughout the company, OpenTracing produced immediate results. Software Engineer Michael Davis reports: "Tracing has given us immediate, actionable insight into how to improve our service. Through a combination of seeing where each call spends its time, as well as which calls are most often used, we were able to reduce our average response time by 95 percent (from 600ms to 30ms) in a single fix."
@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ The challenges faced by Broad’s team may sound familiar to other companies tha
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_workiva_banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/workiva/banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3text">
"A tracing system can at a glance explain an architecture, narrow down a performance bottleneck and zero in on it, and generally just help direct an investigation at a high level. Being able to do that at a glance is much faster than at a meeting or with three days of debugging, and it’s a lot faster than never figuring out the problem and just moving on."<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase"><br>— MACLEOD BROAD, SENIOR SOFTWARE ARCHITECT AT WORKIVA</span>
</div>
</div>
<section class="section3">
<div class="fullcol">
Simply put, it was an ideal use case for tracing. "A tracing system can at a glance explain an architecture, narrow down a performance bottleneck and zero in on it, and generally just help direct an investigation at a high level," says Broad. "Being able to do that at a glance is much faster than at a meeting or with three days of debugging, and it’s a lot faster than never figuring out the problem and just moving on."<br><br>
With Workiva’s back-end code running on <a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/">Google Compute Engine</a> as well as App Engine and AWS, Broad knew that he needed a tracing system that was platform agnostic. "We were looking at different tracing solutions," he says, "and we decided that because it seemed to be a very evolving market, we didn’t want to get stuck with one vendor. So OpenTracing seemed like the cleanest way to avoid vendor lock-in on what backend we actually had to use."<br><br>
Once they introduced OpenTracing into this first use case, Broad says, "The trace made it super obvious where the bottlenecks were." Even though everyone had assumed it was Workiva’s existing code that was slowing things down, that wasn’t exactly the case. "It looked like the existing code was slow only because it was reaching out to our next-generation services, and they were taking a very long time to service all those requests," says Broad. "On the waterfall graph you can see the exact same work being done on every request when it was calling back in. So every service request would look the exact same for every response being paged out. And then it was just a no-brainer of, ‘Why is it doing all this work again?’"<br><br>
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Using the insight OpenTracing gave them, "My team was able to look at a trace an
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_workiva_banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/workiva/banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4text">
"We were looking at different tracing solutions and we decided that because it seemed to be a very evolving market, we didn’t want to get stuck with one vendor. So OpenTracing seemed like the cleanest way to avoid vendor lock-in on what backend we actually had to&nbsp;use." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase"><br>— MACLEOD BROAD, SENIOR SOFTWARE ARCHITECT AT WORKIVA</span>
</div>
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Using the insight OpenTracing gave them, "My team was able to look at a trace an
Some teams were won over quickly. "Tracing has given us immediate, actionable insight into how to improve our [Workspaces] service," says Software Engineer Michael Davis. "Through a combination of seeing where each call spends its time, as well as which calls are most often used, we were able to reduce our average response time by 95 percent (from 600ms to 30ms) in a single fix." <br><br>
Most of Workiva’s major products are now traced using OpenTracing, with data pushed into <a href="https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/">Google StackDriver</a>. Even the products that aren’t fully traced have some components and libraries that are. <br><br>
Broad points out that because some of the engineers were working on App Engine and already had experience with the platform’s Appstats library for profiling performance, it didn’t take much to get them used to using OpenTracing. But others were a little more reluctant. "The biggest hindrance to adoption I think has been the concern about how much latency is introducing tracing [and StackDriver] going to cost," he says. "People are also very concerned about adding middleware to whatever they’re working on. Questions about passing the context around and how that’s done were common. A lot of our Go developers were fine with it, because they were already doing that in one form or another. Our Java developers were not super keen on doing that because they’d used other systems that didn’t require that."<br><br>
But the benefits clearly outweighed the concerns, and today, Workiva’s official policy is to use tracing."
But the benefits clearly outweighed the concerns, and today, Workiva’s official policy is to use tracing."
In fact, Broad believes that tracing naturally fits in with Workiva’s existing logging and metrics systems. "This was the way we presented it internally, and also the way we designed our use," he says. "Our traces are logged in the exact same mechanism as our app metric and logging data, and they get pushed the exact same way. So we treat all that data exactly the same when it’s being created and when it’s being recorded. We have one internal library that we use for logging, telemetry, analytics and tracing."
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ In fact, Broad believes that tracing naturally fits in with Workiva’s existing
<div class="banner5">
<div class="banner5text">
"Tracing has given us immediate, actionable insight into how to improve our [Workspaces] service. Through a combination of seeing where each call spends its time, as well as which calls are most often used, we were able to reduce our average response time by 95 percent (from 600ms to 30ms) in&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;fix." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase"><br>— Michael Davis, Software Engineer, Workiva </span>
"Tracing has given us immediate, actionable insight into how to improve our [Workspaces] service. Through a combination of seeing where each call spends its time, as well as which calls are most often used, we were able to reduce our average response time by 95 percent (from 600ms to 30ms) in&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;fix." <span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase"><br>— Michael Davis, Software Engineer, Workiva </span>
</div>
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We had to change some practices and code, and the way things were built, but we were able to get our main systems onto Kubernetes in a month or so, and then into production within two months. That’s very fast for a finance company.
---
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_ygrene_banner1.jpg')">
<div class="banner1 desktop" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/ygrene/banner1.jpg')">
<h1> CASE STUDY:<img src="/images/ygrene_logo.png" style="margin-bottom:-1%" class="header_logo"><br> <div class="subhead">Ygrene: Using Cloud Native to Bring Security and Scalability to the Finance Industry
</div></h1>
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ By 2017, deployments and scalability had become pain points. The company was uti
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_ygrene_banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/ygrene/banner3.jpg')">
<div class="banner3text">
"CNCF has been an amazing incubator for so many projects. Now we look at its webpage regularly to find out if there are any new, awesome, high-quality projects we can implement into our stack. It’s actually become a hub for us for knowing what software we need to be looking at to make our systems more secure or more scalable."<span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.12em;padding-top:20px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:14px"><br><br>— Austin Adams, Development Manager, Ygrene Energy Fund</span>
</div>
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Notary, in particular, "has been a godsend," says Adams. "We need to know that o
</div>
</section>
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_ygrene_banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/case-studies/ygrene/banner4.jpg')">
<div class="banner4text">
"We had to change some practices and code, and the way things were built," Adams says, "but we were able to get our main systems onto Kubernetes in a month or so, and then into production within two months. That’s very fast for a finance company."</span>
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<!-- body -->
## Overview
To work with Kubernetes, you use *Kubernetes API objects* to describe your cluster's *desired state*: what applications or other workloads you want to run, what container images they use, the number of replicas, what network and disk resources you want to make available, and more. You set your desired state by creating objects using the Kubernetes API, typically via the command-line interface, `kubectl`. You can also use the Kubernetes API directly to interact with the cluster and set or modify your desired state.
Once you've set your desired state, the *Kubernetes Control Plane* makes the cluster's current state match the desired state via the Pod Lifecycle Event Generator ([PLEG](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/node/pod-lifecycle-event-generator.md)). To do so, Kubernetes performs a variety of tasks automatically--such as starting or restarting containers, scaling the number of replicas of a given application, and more. The Kubernetes Control Plane consists of a collection of processes running on your cluster:
* The **Kubernetes Master** is a collection of three processes that run on a single node in your cluster, which is designated as the master node. Those processes are: [kube-apiserver](/docs/admin/kube-apiserver/), [kube-controller-manager](/docs/admin/kube-controller-manager/) and [kube-scheduler](/docs/admin/kube-scheduler/).
* Each individual non-master node in your cluster runs two processes:
* **[kubelet](/docs/admin/kubelet/)**, which communicates with the Kubernetes Master.
* **[kube-proxy](/docs/admin/kube-proxy/)**, a network proxy which reflects Kubernetes networking services on each node.
## Kubernetes objects
Kubernetes contains a number of abstractions that represent the state of your system: deployed containerized applications and workloads, their associated network and disk resources, and other information about what your cluster is doing. These abstractions are represented by objects in the Kubernetes API. See [Understanding Kubernetes objects](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects/#kubernetes-objects) for more details.
The basic Kubernetes objects include:
* [Pod](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/)
* [Service](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/)
* [Volume](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/)
* [Namespace](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/)
Kubernetes also contains higher-level abstractions that rely on [controllers](/docs/concepts/architecture/controller/) to build upon the basic objects, and provide additional functionality and convenience features. These include:
* [Deployment](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/)
* [DaemonSet](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/)
* [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/)
* [ReplicaSet](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/)
* [Job](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job/)
## Kubernetes Control Plane
The various parts of the Kubernetes Control Plane, such as the Kubernetes Master and kubelet processes, govern how Kubernetes communicates with your cluster. The Control Plane maintains a record of all of the Kubernetes Objects in the system, and runs continuous control loops to manage those objects' state. At any given time, the Control Plane's control loops will respond to changes in the cluster and work to make the actual state of all the objects in the system match the desired state that you provided.
For example, when you use the Kubernetes API to create a Deployment, you provide a new desired state for the system. The Kubernetes Control Plane records that object creation, and carries out your instructions by starting the required applications and scheduling them to cluster nodes--thus making the cluster's actual state match the desired state.
### Kubernetes Master
The Kubernetes master is responsible for maintaining the desired state for your cluster. When you interact with Kubernetes, such as by using the `kubectl` command-line interface, you're communicating with your cluster's Kubernetes master.
> The "master" refers to a collection of processes managing the cluster state. Typically all these processes run on a single node in the cluster, and this node is also referred to as the master. The master can also be replicated for availability and redundancy.
### Kubernetes Nodes
The nodes in a cluster are the machines (VMs, physical servers, etc) that run your applications and cloud workflows. The Kubernetes master controls each node; you'll rarely interact with nodes directly.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
If you would like to write a concept page, see
[Page Content Types](/docs/home/contribute/style/page-content-types/#concept)
for information about the concept page types.

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---
title: "Cluster Architecture"
weight: 30
description: >
The architectural concepts behind Kubernetes.
---

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---
title: "Cluster Administration"
title: Cluster Administration
reviewers:
- davidopp
- lavalamp
weight: 100
content_type: concept
description: >
Lower-level detail relevant to creating or administering a Kubernetes cluster.
no_list: true
---
<!-- overview -->
The cluster administration overview is for anyone creating or administering a Kubernetes cluster.
It assumes some familiarity with core Kubernetes [concepts](/docs/concepts/).
<!-- body -->
## Planning a cluster
See the guides in [Setup](/docs/setup/) for examples of how to plan, set up, and configure Kubernetes clusters. The solutions listed in this article are called *distros*.
{{< note >}}
Not all distros are actively maintained. Choose distros which have been tested with a recent version of Kubernetes.
{{< /note >}}
Before choosing a guide, here are some considerations:
- Do you just want to try out Kubernetes on your computer, or do you want to build a high-availability, multi-node cluster? Choose distros best suited for your needs.
- Will you be using **a hosted Kubernetes cluster**, such as [Google Kubernetes Engine](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/), or **hosting your own cluster**?
- Will your cluster be **on-premises**, or **in the cloud (IaaS)**? Kubernetes does not directly support hybrid clusters. Instead, you can set up multiple clusters.
- **If you are configuring Kubernetes on-premises**, consider which [networking model](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/) fits best.
- Will you be running Kubernetes on **"bare metal" hardware** or on **virtual machines (VMs)**?
- Do you **just want to run a cluster**, or do you expect to do **active development of Kubernetes project code**? If the
latter, choose an actively-developed distro. Some distros only use binary releases, but
offer a greater variety of choices.
- Familiarize yourself with the [components](/docs/admin/cluster-components/) needed to run a cluster.
## Managing a cluster
* [Managing a cluster](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/) describes several topics related to the lifecycle of a cluster: creating a new cluster, upgrading your cluster’s master and worker nodes, performing node maintenance (e.g. kernel upgrades), and upgrading the Kubernetes API version of a running cluster.
* Learn how to [manage nodes](/docs/concepts/nodes/node/).
* Learn how to set up and manage the [resource quota](/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas/) for shared clusters.
## Securing a cluster
* [Certificates](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/) describes the steps to generate certificates using different tool chains.
* [Kubernetes Container Environment](/docs/concepts/containers/container-environment/) describes the environment for Kubelet managed containers on a Kubernetes node.
* [Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/controlling-access/) describes how to set up permissions for users and service accounts.
* [Authenticating](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) explains authentication in Kubernetes, including the various authentication options.
* [Authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) is separate from authentication, and controls how HTTP calls are handled.
* [Using Admission Controllers](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/) explains plug-ins which intercepts requests to the Kubernetes API server after authentication and authorization.
* [Using Sysctls in a Kubernetes Cluster](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/sysctl-cluster/) describes to an administrator how to use the `sysctl` command-line tool to set kernel parameters .
* [Auditing](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/) describes how to interact with Kubernetes' audit logs.
### Securing the kubelet
* [Control Plane-Node communication](/docs/concepts/architecture/control-plane-node-communication/)
* [TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
* [Kubelet authentication/authorization](/docs/admin/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)
## Optional Cluster Services
* [DNS Integration](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) describes how to resolve a DNS name directly to a Kubernetes service.
* [Logging and Monitoring Cluster Activity](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/) explains how logging in Kubernetes works and how to implement it.

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@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Different settings can be applied to a load balancer service in AWS using _annot
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-connection-draining-timeout`: Used on the service to specify a connection draining timeout.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-connection-idle-timeout`: Used on the service to specify the idle connection timeout.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled`: Used on the service to enable or disable cross-zone load balancing.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-security-groups`: Used to specify the security groups to be added to ELB created. This replaces all other security groups previously assigned to the ELB.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-security-groups`: Used to specify the security groups to be added to ELB created. This replaces all other security groups previously assigned to the ELB. Security groups defined here should not be shared between services.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-extra-security-groups`: Used on the service to specify additional security groups to be added to ELB created
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-internal`: Used on the service to indicate that we want an internal ELB.
* `service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-proxy-protocol`: Used on the service to enable the proxy protocol on an ELB. Right now we only accept the value `*` which means enabling the proxy protocol on all ELB backends. In the future we could adjust this to allow setting the proxy protocol only on certain backends.
@ -433,4 +433,4 @@ Alibaba Cloud does not require the format of node name, but the kubelet needs to
### Load Balancers
You can setup external load balancers to use specific features in Alibaba Cloud by configuring the [annotations](https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/en/doc-detail/86531.htm) .
You can setup external load balancers to use specific features in Alibaba Cloud by configuring the [annotations](https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/en/doc-detail/86531.htm) .

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---
reviewers:
- davidopp
- lavalamp
title: Cluster Administration Overview
content_type: concept
weight: 10
---
<!-- overview -->
The cluster administration overview is for anyone creating or administering a Kubernetes cluster.
It assumes some familiarity with core Kubernetes [concepts](/docs/concepts/).
<!-- body -->
## Planning a cluster
See the guides in [Setup](/docs/setup/) for examples of how to plan, set up, and configure Kubernetes clusters. The solutions listed in this article are called *distros*.
Before choosing a guide, here are some considerations:
- Do you just want to try out Kubernetes on your computer, or do you want to build a high-availability, multi-node cluster? Choose distros best suited for your needs.
- Will you be using **a hosted Kubernetes cluster**, such as [Google Kubernetes Engine](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/), or **hosting your own cluster**?
- Will your cluster be **on-premises**, or **in the cloud (IaaS)**? Kubernetes does not directly support hybrid clusters. Instead, you can set up multiple clusters.
- **If you are configuring Kubernetes on-premises**, consider which [networking model](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/) fits best.
- Will you be running Kubernetes on **"bare metal" hardware** or on **virtual machines (VMs)**?
- Do you **just want to run a cluster**, or do you expect to do **active development of Kubernetes project code**? If the
latter, choose an actively-developed distro. Some distros only use binary releases, but
offer a greater variety of choices.
- Familiarize yourself with the [components](/docs/admin/cluster-components/) needed to run a cluster.
Note: Not all distros are actively maintained. Choose distros which have been tested with a recent version of Kubernetes.
## Managing a cluster
* [Managing a cluster](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-management/) describes several topics related to the lifecycle of a cluster: creating a new cluster, upgrading your cluster’s master and worker nodes, performing node maintenance (e.g. kernel upgrades), and upgrading the Kubernetes API version of a running cluster.
* Learn how to [manage nodes](/docs/concepts/nodes/node/).
* Learn how to set up and manage the [resource quota](/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas/) for shared clusters.
## Securing a cluster
* [Certificates](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/) describes the steps to generate certificates using different tool chains.
* [Kubernetes Container Environment](/docs/concepts/containers/container-environment/) describes the environment for Kubelet managed containers on a Kubernetes node.
* [Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/controlling-access/) describes how to set up permissions for users and service accounts.
* [Authenticating](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) explains authentication in Kubernetes, including the various authentication options.
* [Authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) is separate from authentication, and controls how HTTP calls are handled.
* [Using Admission Controllers](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/) explains plug-ins which intercepts requests to the Kubernetes API server after authentication and authorization.
* [Using Sysctls in a Kubernetes Cluster](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/sysctl-cluster/) describes to an administrator how to use the `sysctl` command-line tool to set kernel parameters .
* [Auditing](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/) describes how to interact with Kubernetes' audit logs.
### Securing the kubelet
* [Master-Node communication](/docs/concepts/architecture/master-node-communication/)
* [TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
* [Kubelet authentication/authorization](/docs/admin/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)
## Optional Cluster Services
* [DNS Integration](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) describes how to resolve a DNS name directly to a Kubernetes service.
* [Logging and Monitoring Cluster Activity](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/) explains how logging in Kubernetes works and how to implement it.

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@ -303,6 +303,9 @@ to get a mapping of UIDs to names for both FlowSchemas and
PriorityLevelConfigurations.
## Observability
### Metrics
When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver
exports additional metrics. Monitoring these can help you determine whether your
configuration is inappropriately throttling important traffic, or find
@ -365,9 +368,65 @@ poorly-behaved workloads that may be harming system health.
long requests took to actually execute, grouped by the FlowSchema that matched the
request and the PriorityLevel to which it was assigned.
### Debug endpoints
When you enable the API Priority and Fairness feature, the kube-apiserver serves the following additional paths at its HTTP[S] ports.
- `/debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_priority_levels` - a listing of all the priority levels and the current state of each. You can fetch like this:
```shell
kubectl get --raw /debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_priority_levels
```
The output is similar to this:
```
PriorityLevelName, ActiveQueues, IsIdle, IsQuiescing, WaitingRequests, ExecutingRequests,
workload-low, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
global-default, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
exempt, <none>, <none>, <none>, <none>, <none>,
catch-all, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
system, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
leader-election, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
workload-high, 0, true, false, 0, 0,
```
- `/debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_queues` - a listing of all the queues and their current state. You can fetch like this:
```shell
kubectl get --raw /debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_queues
```
The output is similar to this:
```
PriorityLevelName, Index, PendingRequests, ExecutingRequests, VirtualStart,
workload-high, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000,
workload-high, 1, 0, 0, 0.0000,
workload-high, 2, 0, 0, 0.0000,
...
leader-election, 14, 0, 0, 0.0000,
leader-election, 15, 0, 0, 0.0000,
```
- `/debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_requests` - a listing of all the requests that are currently waiting in a queue. You can fetch like this:
```shell
kubectl get --raw /debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_requests
```
The output is similar to this:
```
PriorityLevelName, FlowSchemaName, QueueIndex, RequestIndexInQueue, FlowDistingsher, ArriveTime,
exempt, <none>, <none>, <none>, <none>, <none>,
system, system-nodes, 12, 0, system:node:127.0.0.1, 2020-07-23T15:26:57.179170694Z,
```
In addition to the queued requests, the output includeas one phantom line for each priority level that is exempt from limitation.
You can get a more detailed listing with a command like this:
```shell
kubectl get --raw '/debug/api_priority_and_fairness/dump_requests?includeRequestDetails=1'
```
The output is similar to this:
```
PriorityLevelName, FlowSchemaName, QueueIndex, RequestIndexInQueue, FlowDistingsher, ArriveTime, UserName, Verb, APIPath, Namespace, Name, APIVersion, Resource, SubResource,
system, system-nodes, 12, 0, system:node:127.0.0.1, 2020-07-23T15:31:03.583823404Z, system:node:127.0.0.1, create, /api/v1/namespaces/scaletest/configmaps,
system, system-nodes, 12, 1, system:node:127.0.0.1, 2020-07-23T15:31:03.594555947Z, system:node:127.0.0.1, create, /api/v1/namespaces/scaletest/configmaps,
```
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

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@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ and the former approach is used in any other environment. In both cases, by
default rotation is configured to take place when log file exceeds 10MB.
As an example, you can find detailed information about how `kube-up.sh` sets
up logging for COS image on GCP in the corresponding [script][cosConfigureHelper].
up logging for COS image on GCP in the corresponding
[script](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{< param "githubbranch" >}}/cluster/gce/gci/configure-helper.sh)
When you run [`kubectl logs`](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#logs) as in
the basic logging example, the kubelet on the node handles the request and
@ -96,8 +97,6 @@ the rotation and there are two files, one 10MB in size and one empty,
`kubectl logs` will return an empty response.
{{< /note >}}
[cosConfigureHelper]: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{< param "githubbranch" >}}/cluster/gce/gci/configure-helper.sh
### System component logs
There are two types of system components: those that run in a container and those
@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ that do not run in a container. For example:
On machines with systemd, the kubelet and container runtime write to journald. If
systemd is not present, they write to `.log` files in the `/var/log` directory.
System components inside containers always write to the `/var/log` directory,
bypassing the default logging mechanism. They use the [klog][klog]
bypassing the default logging mechanism. They use the [klog](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog)
logging library. You can find the conventions for logging severity for those
components in the [development docs on logging](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/logging.md).
@ -118,8 +117,6 @@ directory should be rotated. In Kubernetes clusters brought up by
the `kube-up.sh` script, those logs are configured to be rotated by
the `logrotate` tool daily or once the size exceeds 100MB.
[klog]: https://github.com/kubernetes/klog
## Cluster-level logging architectures
While Kubernetes does not provide a native solution for cluster-level logging, there are several common approaches you can consider. Here are some options:

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@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ When load on your application grows or shrinks, it's easy to scale with `kubectl
kubectl scale deployment/my-nginx --replicas=1
```
```shell
deployment.extensions/my-nginx scaled
deployment.apps/my-nginx scaled
```
Now you only have one pod managed by the deployment.

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@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ Note that {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="kubelet" text="kubelet" >}} also exposes
If your cluster uses {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="rbac" text="RBAC" >}}, reading metrics requires authorization via a user, group or ServiceAccount with a ClusterRole that allows accessing `/metrics`.
For example:
```
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: prometheus
rules:
- nonResourceURLs:
- "/metrics"
verbs:
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: prometheus
rules:
- nonResourceURLs:
- "/metrics"
verbs:
- get
```
@ -130,5 +130,4 @@ cloudprovider_gce_api_request_duration_seconds { request = "list_disk"}
* Read about the [Prometheus text format](https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/master/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md#text-based-format) for metrics
* See the list of [stable Kubernetes metrics](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/test/instrumentation/testdata/stable-metrics-list.yaml)
* Read about the [Kubernetes deprecation policy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-policy/#deprecating-a-feature-or-behavior )
* Read about the [Kubernetes deprecation policy](/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-policy/#deprecating-a-feature-or-behavior)

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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ understand exactly how it is expected to work. There are 4 distinct networking
problems to address:
1. Highly-coupled container-to-container communications: this is solved by
[pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/) and `localhost` communications.
{{< glossary_tooltip text="Pods" term_id="pod" >}} and `localhost` communications.
2. Pod-to-Pod communications: this is the primary focus of this document.
3. Pod-to-Service communications: this is covered by [services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/).
4. External-to-Service communications: this is covered by [services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/).

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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
---
title: "Configuration"
weight: 80
description: >
Resources that Kubernetes provides for configuring Pods.
---

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@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ metadata:
name: game-demo
data:
# property-like keys; each key maps to a simple value
player_initial_lives: 3
player_initial_lives: "3"
ui_properties_file_name: "user-interface.properties"
#
# file-like keys
@ -126,25 +126,32 @@ spec:
configMap:
# Provide the name of the ConfigMap you want to mount.
name: game-demo
# An array of keys from the ConfigMap to create as files
items:
- key: "game.properties"
path: "game.properties"
- key: "user-interface.properties"
path: "user-interface.properties"
```
A ConfigMap doesn't differentiate between single line property values and
multi-line file-like values.
What matters is how Pods and other objects consume those values.
For this example, defining a volume and mounting it inside the `demo`
container as `/config` creates four files:
container as `/config` creates two files,
`/config/game.properties` and `/config/user-interface.properties`,
even though there are four keys in the ConfigMap. This is because the Pod
definition specifies an `items` array in the `volumes` section.
If you omit the `items` array entirely, every key in the ConfigMap becomes
a file with the same name as the key, and you get 4 files.
- `/config/player_initial_lives`
- `/config/ui_properties_file_name`
- `/config/game.properties`
- `/config/user-interface.properties`
## Using ConfigMaps
If you want to make sure that `/config` only contains files with a
`.properties` extension, use two different ConfigMaps, and refer to both
ConfigMaps in the `spec` for a Pod. The first ConfigMap defines
`player_initial_lives` and `ui_properties_file_name`. The second
ConfigMap defines the files that the kubelet places into `/config`.
ConfigMaps can be mounted as data volumes. ConfigMaps can also be used by other
parts of the system, without being directly exposed to the Pod. For example,
ConfigMaps can hold data that other parts of the system should use for configuration.
{{< note >}}
The most common way to use ConfigMaps is to configure settings for
@ -157,12 +164,6 @@ or {{< glossary_tooltip text="operators" term_id="operator-pattern" >}} that
adjust their behavior based on a ConfigMap.
{{< /note >}}
## Using ConfigMaps
ConfigMaps can be mounted as data volumes. ConfigMaps can also be used by other
parts of the system, without being directly exposed to the Pod. For example,
ConfigMaps can hold data that other parts of the system should use for configuration.
### Using ConfigMaps as files from a Pod
To consume a ConfigMap in a volume in a Pod:
@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ data has the following advantages:
- improves performance of your cluster by significantly reducing load on kube-apiserver, by
closing watches for config maps marked as immutable.
To use this feature, enable the `ImmutableEmphemeralVolumes`
To use this feature, enable the `ImmutableEphemeralVolumes`
[feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/) and set
your Secret or ConfigMap `immutable` field to `true`. For example:
```yaml

27
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@ -132,11 +132,9 @@ metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: db
image: mysql
- name: app
image: super.mycompany.com/app:v4
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
value: "password"
resources:
requests:
memory: "64Mi"
@ -144,8 +142,8 @@ spec:
limits:
memory: "128Mi"
cpu: "500m"
- name: wp
image: wordpress
- name: log-aggregator
image: super.mycompany.com/log-aggregator:v6
resources:
requests:
memory: "64Mi"
@ -227,7 +225,7 @@ locally-attached writeable devices or, sometimes, by RAM.
Pods use ephemeral local storage for scratch space, caching, and for logs.
The kubelet can provide scratch space to Pods using local ephemeral storage to
mount [`emptyDir`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#emptydir)
mount [`emptyDir`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#emptydir)
{{< glossary_tooltip term_id="volume" text="volumes" >}} into containers.
The kubelet also uses this kind of storage to hold
@ -330,18 +328,15 @@ metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: db
image: mysql
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
value: "password"
- name: app
image: super.mycompany.com/app:v4
resources:
requests:
ephemeral-storage: "2Gi"
limits:
ephemeral-storage: "4Gi"
- name: wp
image: wordpress
- name: log-aggregator
image: super.mycompany.com/log-aggregator:v6
resources:
requests:
ephemeral-storage: "2Gi"
@ -657,7 +652,7 @@ Allocated resources:
(Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)
CPU Requests CPU Limits Memory Requests Memory Limits
------------ ---------- --------------- -------------
680m (34%) 400m (20%) 920Mi (12%) 1070Mi (14%)
680m (34%) 400m (20%) 920Mi (11%) 1070Mi (13%)
```
In the preceding output, you can see that if a Pod requests more than 1120m
@ -758,5 +753,3 @@ You can see that the Container was terminated because of `reason:OOM Killed`, wh
* Read the [ResourceRequirements](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#resourcerequirements-v1-core) API reference
* Read about [project quotas](http://xfs.org/docs/xfsdocs-xml-dev/XFS_User_Guide/tmp/en-US/html/xfs-quotas.html) in XFS

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@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ The caching semantics of the underlying image provider make even `imagePullPolic
- Use label selectors for `get` and `delete` operations instead of specific object names. See the sections on [label selectors](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/#label-selectors) and [using labels effectively](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/manage-deployment/#using-labels-effectively).
- Use `kubectl run` and `kubectl expose` to quickly create single-container Deployments and Services. See [Use a Service to Access an Application in a Cluster](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/service-access-application-cluster/) for an example.
- Use `kubectl create deployment` and `kubectl expose` to quickly create single-container Deployments and Services. See [Use a Service to Access an Application in a Cluster](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/service-access-application-cluster/) for an example.

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@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ spec:
memory: 100Mi
```
At admission time the RuntimeClass [admission controller](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/)
At admission time the RuntimeClass [admission controller](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/)
updates the workload's PodSpec to include the `overhead` as described in the RuntimeClass. If the PodSpec already has this field defined,
the Pod will be rejected. In the given example, since only the RuntimeClass name is specified, the admission controller mutates the Pod
to include an `overhead`.
@ -195,5 +195,3 @@ from source in the meantime.
* [RuntimeClass](/docs/concepts/containers/runtime-class/)
* [PodOverhead Design](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-node/20190226-pod-overhead.md)

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@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ makes Pod P eligible to preempt Pods on another Node.
#### Graceful termination of preemption victims
When Pods are preempted, the victims get their
[graceful termination period](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/#termination-of-pods).
[graceful termination period](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-lifecycle/#pod-termination).
They have that much time to finish their work and exit. If they don't, they are
killed. This graceful termination period creates a time gap between the point
that the scheduler preempts Pods and the time when the pending Pod (P) can be
@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ priority Pods to zero or a small number.
#### PodDisruptionBudget is supported, but not guaranteed
A [Pod Disruption Budget (PDB)](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/disruptions/)
A [PodDisruptionBudget](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/disruptions/) (PDB)
allows application owners to limit the number of Pods of a replicated application
that are down simultaneously from voluntary disruptions. Kubernetes supports
PDB when preempting Pods, but respecting PDB is best effort. The scheduler tries

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