website/content/en/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/namespaces.md

---
reviewers:
- derekwaynecarr
- janetkuo
title: Share a Cluster with Namespaces
content_template: templates/task
---

{{% capture overview %}}
This page shows how to view, work in, and delete {{< glossary_tooltip text="namespaces" term_id="namespace" >}}. The page also shows how to use Kubernetes namespaces to subdivide your cluster.
{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture prerequisites %}}
* Have an [existing Kubernetes cluster](/docs/setup/).
* Have a basic understanding of Kubernetes _[Pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/)_, _[Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/)_, and _[Deployments](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/)_.
{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture steps %}}

## Viewing namespaces

1. List the current namespaces in a cluster using:

```shell
kubectl get namespaces
```
```
NAME          STATUS    AGE
default       Active    11d
kube-system   Active    11d
kube-public   Active    11d
```

Kubernetes starts with three initial namespaces:

   * `default` The default namespace for objects with no other namespace
   * `kube-system` The namespace for objects created by the Kubernetes system
   * `kube-public` This namespace is created automatically and is readable by all users (including those not authenticated). This namespace is mostly reserved for cluster usage, in case that some resources should be visible and readable publicly throughout the whole cluster. The public aspect of this namespace is only a convention, not a requirement.

You can also get the summary of a specific namespace using:

```shell
kubectl get namespaces <name>
```

Or you can get detailed information with:

```shell
kubectl describe namespaces <name>
```
```
Name:           default
Labels:         <none>
Annotations:    <none>
Status:         Active

No resource quota.

Resource Limits
 Type       Resource    Min Max Default
 ----               --------    --- --- ---
 Container          cpu         -   -   100m
```

Note that these details show both resource quota (if present) as well as resource limit ranges.

Resource quota tracks aggregate usage of resources in the *Namespace* and allows cluster operators
to define *Hard* resource usage limits that a *Namespace* may consume.

A limit range defines min/max constraints on the amount of resources a single entity can consume in
a *Namespace*.

See [Admission control: Limit Range](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/resource-management/admission_control_limit_range.md)

A namespace can be in one of two phases:

   * `Active` the namespace is in use
   * `Terminating` the namespace is being deleted, and can not be used for new objects

See the [design doc](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/namespaces.md#phases) for more details.

## Creating a new namespace

1. Create a new YAML file called `my-namespace.yaml` with the contents:

    ```yaml
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Namespace
    metadata:
      name: <insert-namespace-name-here>
    ```
    Then run:
   
    ```
    kubectl create -f ./my-namespace.yaml
    ```

2. Alternatively, you can create namespace using below command:

    ```
    kubectl create namespace <insert-namespace-name-here>
    ``` 

Note that the name of your namespace must be a DNS compatible label.

There's an optional field `finalizers`, which allows observables to purge resources whenever the namespace is deleted. Keep in mind that if you specify a nonexistent finalizer, the namespace will be created but will get stuck in the `Terminating` state if the user tries to delete it.

More information on `finalizers` can be found in the namespace [design doc](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/namespaces.md#finalizers).

## Deleting a namespace

1. Delete a namespace with

```shell
kubectl delete namespaces <insert-some-namespace-name>
```

{{< warning >}}
This deletes _everything_ under the namespace!
{{< /warning >}}

This delete is asynchronous, so for a time you will see the namespace in the `Terminating` state.

## Subdividing your cluster using Kubernetes namespaces

1. Understand the default namespace

By default, a Kubernetes cluster will instantiate a default namespace when provisioning the cluster to hold the default set of Pods,
Services, and Deployments used by the cluster.

Assuming you have a fresh cluster, you can introspect the available namespace's by doing the following:

```shell
kubectl get namespaces
```
```
NAME      STATUS    AGE
default   Active    13m
```

2. Create new namespaces

For this exercise, we will create two additional Kubernetes namespaces to hold our content.

In a scenario where an organization is using a shared Kubernetes cluster for development and production use cases:

The development team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can get a view on the list of Pods, Services, and Deployments
they use to build and run their application.  In this space, Kubernetes resources come and go, and the restrictions on who can or cannot modify resources
are relaxed to enable agile development.

The operations team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can enforce strict procedures on who can or cannot manipulate the set of
Pods, Services, and Deployments that run the production site.

One pattern this organization could follow is to partition the Kubernetes cluster into two namespaces: `development` and `production`.

Let's create two new namespaces to hold our work.

Use the file [`namespace-dev.json`](/examples/admin/namespace-dev.json) which describes a `development` namespace:

{{< codenew language="json" file="admin/namespace-dev.json" >}}

Create the `development` namespace using kubectl.

```shell
kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/admin/namespace-dev.json
```

And then let's create the `production` namespace using kubectl.

```shell
kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/admin/namespace-prod.json
```

To be sure things are right, list all of the namespaces in our cluster.

```shell
kubectl get namespaces --show-labels
```
```
NAME          STATUS    AGE       LABELS
default       Active    32m       <none>
development   Active    29s       name=development
production    Active    23s       name=production
```

3. Create pods in each namespace

A Kubernetes namespace provides the scope for Pods, Services, and Deployments in the cluster.

Users interacting with one namespace do not see the content in another namespace.

To demonstrate this, let's spin up a simple Deployment and Pods in the `development` namespace.

We first check what is the current context:

```shell
kubectl config view
```
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
    server: https://130.211.122.180
  name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
    user: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
  name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
current-context: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
  user:
    client-certificate-data: REDACTED
    client-key-data: REDACTED
    token: 65rZW78y8HbwXXtSXuUw9DbP4FLjHi4b
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes-basic-auth
  user:
    password: h5M0FtUUIflBSdI7
    username: admin
```

```shell
kubectl config current-context
```
```
lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
```

The next step is to define a context for the kubectl client to work in each namespace. The values of "cluster" and "user" fields are copied from the current context.

```shell
kubectl config set-context dev --namespace=development --cluster=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes --user=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
kubectl config set-context prod --namespace=production --cluster=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes --user=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
```

The above commands provided two request contexts you can alternate against depending on what namespace you
wish to work against.

Let's switch to operate in the `development` namespace.

```shell
kubectl config use-context dev
```

You can verify your current context by doing the following:

```shell
kubectl config current-context
dev
```

At this point, all requests we make to the Kubernetes cluster from the command line are scoped to the `development` namespace.

Let's create some contents.

```shell
kubectl run snowflake --image=k8s.gcr.io/serve_hostname --replicas=2
```
We have just created a deployment whose replica size is 2 that is running the pod called `snowflake` with a basic container that just serves the hostname.
Note that `kubectl run` creates deployments only on Kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#run) for more details.

```shell
kubectl get deployment
```
```
NAME        DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
snowflake   2         2         2            2           2m
```
```shell
kubectl get pods -l run=snowflake
```
```
NAME                         READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
snowflake-3968820950-9dgr8   1/1       Running   0          2m
snowflake-3968820950-vgc4n   1/1       Running   0          2m
```

And this is great, developers are able to do what they want, and they do not have to worry about affecting content in the `production` namespace.

Let's switch to the `production` namespace and show how resources in one namespace are hidden from the other.

```shell
kubectl config use-context prod
```

The `production` namespace should be empty, and the following commands should return nothing.

```shell
kubectl get deployment
kubectl get pods
```

Production likes to run cattle, so let's create some cattle pods.

```shell
kubectl run cattle --image=k8s.gcr.io/serve_hostname --replicas=5

kubectl get deployment
```
```
NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
cattle    5         5         5            5           10s
```

```shell
kubectl get pods -l run=cattle
```
```
NAME                      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cattle-2263376956-41xy6   1/1       Running   0          34s
cattle-2263376956-kw466   1/1       Running   0          34s
cattle-2263376956-n4v97   1/1       Running   0          34s
cattle-2263376956-p5p3i   1/1       Running   0          34s
cattle-2263376956-sxpth   1/1       Running   0          34s
```

At this point, it should be clear that the resources users create in one namespace are hidden from the other namespace.

As the policy support in Kubernetes evolves, we will extend this scenario to show how you can provide different
authorization rules for each namespace.

{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture discussion %}}

## Understanding the motivation for using namespaces

A single cluster should be able to satisfy the needs of multiple users or groups of users (henceforth a 'user community').

Kubernetes _namespaces_ help different projects, teams, or customers to share a Kubernetes cluster.

It does this by providing the following:

1. A scope for [Names](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/names/).
2. A mechanism to attach authorization and policy to a subsection of the cluster.

Use of multiple namespaces is optional.

Each user community wants to be able to work in isolation from other communities.

Each user community has its own:

1. resources (pods, services, replication controllers, etc.)
2. policies (who can or cannot perform actions in their community)
3. constraints (this community is allowed this much quota, etc.)

A cluster operator may create a Namespace for each unique user community.

The Namespace provides a unique scope for:

1. named resources (to avoid basic naming collisions)
2. delegated management authority to trusted users
3. ability to limit community resource consumption

Use cases include:

1.  As a cluster operator, I want to support multiple user communities on a single cluster.
2.  As a cluster operator, I want to delegate authority to partitions of the cluster to trusted users
    in those communities.
3.  As a cluster operator, I want to limit the amount of resources each community can consume in order
    to limit the impact to other communities using the cluster.
4.  As a cluster user, I want to interact with resources that are pertinent to my user community in
    isolation of what other user communities are doing on the cluster.

## Understanding namespaces and DNS

When you create a [Service](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/), it creates a corresponding [DNS entry](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/).
This entry is of the form `<service-name>.<namespace-name>.svc.cluster.local`, which means
that if a container just uses `<service-name>` it will resolve to the service which
is local to a namespace.  This is useful for using the same configuration across
multiple namespaces such as Development, Staging and Production.  If you want to reach
across namespaces, you need to use the fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture whatsnext %}}
* Learn more about [setting the namespace preference](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/#setting-the-namespace-preference).
* Learn more about [setting the namespace for a request](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/#setting-the-namespace-for-a-request)
* See [namespaces design](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/{{< param "githubbranch" >}}/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/namespaces.md).
{{% /capture %}}