---
title: integral() function
description: >
  `integral()` computes the area under the curve per unit of time of subsequent non-null records.
menu:
  flux_v0_ref:
    name: integral
    parent: universe
    identifier: universe/integral
weight: 101
flux/v0/tags: [transformations, aggregates]
introduced: 0.7.0
---

<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMPORTANT: This page was generated from comments in the Flux source code. Any
edits made directly to this page will be overwritten the next time the
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To make updates to this documentation, update the function comments above the
function definition in the Flux source code:

https://github.com/influxdata/flux/blob/master/stdlib/universe/universe.flux#L1101-L1110

Contributing to Flux: https://github.com/influxdata/flux#contributing
Fluxdoc syntax: https://github.com/influxdata/flux/blob/master/docs/fluxdoc.md

------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

`integral()` computes the area under the curve per unit of time of subsequent non-null records.

`integral()` requires `_start` and `_stop` columns that are part of the group key.
The curve is defined using `_time` as the domain and record values as the range.

##### Function type signature

```js
(
    <-tables: stream[A],
    ?column: string,
    ?interpolate: string,
    ?timeColumn: string,
    ?unit: duration,
) => stream[B] where A: Record, B: Record
```

{{% caption %}}
For more information, see [Function type signatures](/flux/v0/function-type-signatures/).
{{% /caption %}}

## Parameters

### unit

Unit of time to use to compute the integral.



### column

Column to operate on. Default is `_value`.



### timeColumn

Column that contains time values to use in the operation.
Default is `_time`.



### interpolate

Type of interpolation to use. Default is `""`.

**Available interplation types**:
- linear
- _empty string for no interpolation_

### tables

Input data. Default is piped-forward data (`<-`).




## Examples

- [Calculate the integral](#calculate-the-integral)
- [Calculate the integral with linear interpolation](#calculate-the-integral-with-linear-interpolation)

### Calculate the integral

```js
data
    |> integral(unit: 10s)

```

{{< expand-wrapper >}}
{{% expand "View example input and output" %}}

#### Input data

| *_start              | *_stop               | _time                | _value  | *tag |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------- | ---- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | -2      | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:10Z | 10      | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:20Z | 7       | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:30Z | 17      | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:40Z | 15      | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:50Z | 4       | t1   |

| *_start              | *_stop               | _time                | _value  | *tag |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------- | ---- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 19      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:10Z | 4       | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:20Z | -3      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:30Z | 19      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:40Z | 13      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:50Z | 1       | t2   |


#### Output data

| *_start              | *_stop               | *tag | _value  |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ---- | ------- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | t1   | 50      |

| *_start              | *_stop               | *tag | _value  |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ---- | ------- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | t2   | 43      |

{{% /expand %}}
{{< /expand-wrapper >}}

### Calculate the integral with linear interpolation

```js
data
    |> integral(unit: 10s, interpolate: "linear")

```

{{< expand-wrapper >}}
{{% expand "View example input and output" %}}

#### Input data

| *_start              | *_stop               | _time                | _value  | *tag |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------- | ---- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | -2      | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:10Z |         | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:20Z | 7       | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:30Z |         | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:40Z |         | t1   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:50Z | 4       | t1   |

| *_start              | *_stop               | _time                | _value  | *tag |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------- | ---- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z |         | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:10Z | 4       | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:20Z | -3      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:30Z | 19      | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:40Z |         | t2   |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:00:50Z | 1       | t2   |


#### Output data

| *_start              | *_stop               | *tag | _value  |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ---- | ------- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | t1   | 25      |

| *_start              | *_stop               | *tag | _value  |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ---- | ------- |
| 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z | 2021-01-01T00:01:00Z | t2   | 32.5    |

{{% /expand %}}
{{< /expand-wrapper >}}