diff --git a/models/issues/comment.go b/models/issues/comment.go
index 17e579b455..e045b71d23 100644
--- a/models/issues/comment.go
+++ b/models/issues/comment.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	project_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/project"
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
@@ -1247,3 +1248,44 @@ func FixCommentTypeLabelWithOutsideLabels(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
 func (c *Comment) HasOriginalAuthor() bool {
 	return c.OriginalAuthor != "" && c.OriginalAuthorID != 0
 }
+
+// InsertIssueComments inserts many comments of issues.
+func InsertIssueComments(comments []*Comment) error {
+	if len(comments) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	issueIDs := make(container.Set[int64])
+	for _, comment := range comments {
+		issueIDs.Add(comment.IssueID)
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+	for _, comment := range comments {
+		if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).NoAutoTime().Insert(comment); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for _, reaction := range comment.Reactions {
+			reaction.IssueID = comment.IssueID
+			reaction.CommentID = comment.ID
+		}
+		if len(comment.Reactions) > 0 {
+			if err := db.Insert(ctx, comment.Reactions); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for issueID := range issueIDs {
+		if _, err := db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE issue set num_comments = (SELECT count(*) FROM comment WHERE issue_id = ? AND `type`=?) WHERE id = ?",
+			issueID, CommentTypeComment, issueID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/comment_test.go b/models/issues/comment_test.go
index d766625be3..90db476571 100644
--- a/models/issues/comment_test.go
+++ b/models/issues/comment_test.go
@@ -70,3 +70,30 @@ func TestAsCommentType(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, issues_model.CommentTypeComment, issues_model.AsCommentType("comment"))
 	assert.Equal(t, issues_model.CommentTypePRUnScheduledToAutoMerge, issues_model.AsCommentType("pull_cancel_scheduled_merge"))
 }
+
+func TestMigrate_InsertIssueComments(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	issue := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 1})
+	_ = issue.LoadRepo(db.DefaultContext)
+	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: issue.Repo.OwnerID})
+	reaction := &issues_model.Reaction{
+		Type:   "heart",
+		UserID: owner.ID,
+	}
+
+	comment := &issues_model.Comment{
+		PosterID:  owner.ID,
+		Poster:    owner,
+		IssueID:   issue.ID,
+		Issue:     issue,
+		Reactions: []*issues_model.Reaction{reaction},
+	}
+
+	err := issues_model.InsertIssueComments([]*issues_model.Comment{comment})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	issueModified := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 1})
+	assert.EqualValues(t, issue.NumComments+1, issueModified.NumComments)
+
+	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Issue{})
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/issue.go b/models/issues/issue.go
index 8f59c9cb42..341ec8547a 100644
--- a/models/issues/issue.go
+++ b/models/issues/issue.go
@@ -892,3 +892,50 @@ func IsNewPinAllowed(ctx context.Context, repoID int64, isPull bool) (bool, erro
 func IsErrIssueMaxPinReached(err error) bool {
 	return err == ErrIssueMaxPinReached
 }
+
+// InsertIssues insert issues to database
+func InsertIssues(issues ...*Issue) error {
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	for _, issue := range issues {
+		if err := insertIssue(ctx, issue); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+func insertIssue(ctx context.Context, issue *Issue) error {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+	if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(issue); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	issueLabels := make([]IssueLabel, 0, len(issue.Labels))
+	for _, label := range issue.Labels {
+		issueLabels = append(issueLabels, IssueLabel{
+			IssueID: issue.ID,
+			LabelID: label.ID,
+		})
+	}
+	if len(issueLabels) > 0 {
+		if _, err := sess.Insert(issueLabels); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, reaction := range issue.Reactions {
+		reaction.IssueID = issue.ID
+	}
+
+	if len(issue.Reactions) > 0 {
+		if _, err := sess.Insert(issue.Reactions); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/issue_test.go b/models/issues/issue_test.go
index 0f2ceadc6b..f1bccc0cf8 100644
--- a/models/issues/issue_test.go
+++ b/models/issues/issue_test.go
@@ -573,3 +573,45 @@ func TestIssueLoadAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func assertCreateIssues(t *testing.T, isPull bool) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	reponame := "repo1"
+	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
+	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: repo.OwnerID})
+	label := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Label{ID: 1})
+	milestone := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Milestone{ID: 1})
+	assert.EqualValues(t, milestone.ID, 1)
+	reaction := &issues_model.Reaction{
+		Type:   "heart",
+		UserID: owner.ID,
+	}
+
+	title := "issuetitle1"
+	is := &issues_model.Issue{
+		RepoID:      repo.ID,
+		MilestoneID: milestone.ID,
+		Repo:        repo,
+		Title:       title,
+		Content:     "issuecontent1",
+		IsPull:      isPull,
+		PosterID:    owner.ID,
+		Poster:      owner,
+		IsClosed:    true,
+		Labels:      []*issues_model.Label{label},
+		Reactions:   []*issues_model.Reaction{reaction},
+	}
+	err := issues_model.InsertIssues(is)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	i := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{Title: title})
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Reaction{Type: "heart", UserID: owner.ID, IssueID: i.ID})
+}
+
+func TestMigrate_CreateIssuesIsPullFalse(t *testing.T) {
+	assertCreateIssues(t, false)
+}
+
+func TestMigrate_CreateIssuesIsPullTrue(t *testing.T) {
+	assertCreateIssues(t, true)
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/milestone.go b/models/issues/milestone.go
index 1418e0869d..c15b2a41fe 100644
--- a/models/issues/milestone.go
+++ b/models/issues/milestone.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	api "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
@@ -323,261 +322,6 @@ func DeleteMilestoneByRepoID(repoID, id int64) error {
 	return committer.Commit()
 }
 
-// MilestoneList is a list of milestones offering additional functionality
-type MilestoneList []*Milestone
-
-func (milestones MilestoneList) getMilestoneIDs() []int64 {
-	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(milestones))
-	for _, ms := range milestones {
-		ids = append(ids, ms.ID)
-	}
-	return ids
-}
-
-// GetMilestonesOption contain options to get milestones
-type GetMilestonesOption struct {
-	db.ListOptions
-	RepoID   int64
-	State    api.StateType
-	Name     string
-	SortType string
-}
-
-func (opts GetMilestonesOption) toCond() builder.Cond {
-	cond := builder.NewCond()
-	if opts.RepoID != 0 {
-		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"repo_id": opts.RepoID})
-	}
-
-	switch opts.State {
-	case api.StateClosed:
-		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_closed": true})
-	case api.StateAll:
-		break
-	// api.StateOpen:
-	default:
-		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_closed": false})
-	}
-
-	if len(opts.Name) != 0 {
-		cond = cond.And(db.BuildCaseInsensitiveLike("name", opts.Name))
-	}
-
-	return cond
-}
-
-// GetMilestones returns milestones filtered by GetMilestonesOption's
-func GetMilestones(opts GetMilestonesOption) (MilestoneList, int64, error) {
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where(opts.toCond())
-
-	if opts.Page != 0 {
-		sess = db.SetSessionPagination(sess, &opts)
-	}
-
-	switch opts.SortType {
-	case "furthestduedate":
-		sess.Desc("deadline_unix")
-	case "leastcomplete":
-		sess.Asc("completeness")
-	case "mostcomplete":
-		sess.Desc("completeness")
-	case "leastissues":
-		sess.Asc("num_issues")
-	case "mostissues":
-		sess.Desc("num_issues")
-	case "id":
-		sess.Asc("id")
-	default:
-		sess.Asc("deadline_unix").Asc("id")
-	}
-
-	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, opts.PageSize)
-	total, err := sess.FindAndCount(&miles)
-	return miles, total, err
-}
-
-// GetMilestoneIDsByNames returns a list of milestone ids by given names.
-// It doesn't filter them by repo, so it could return milestones belonging to different repos.
-// It's used for filtering issues via indexer, otherwise it would be useless.
-// Since it could return milestones with the same name, so the length of returned ids could be more than the length of names.
-func GetMilestoneIDsByNames(ctx context.Context, names []string) ([]int64, error) {
-	var ids []int64
-	return ids, db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("milestone").
-		Where(db.BuildCaseInsensitiveIn("name", names)).
-		Cols("id").
-		Find(&ids)
-}
-
-// SearchMilestones search milestones
-func SearchMilestones(repoCond builder.Cond, page int, isClosed bool, sortType, keyword string) (MilestoneList, error) {
-	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, setting.UI.IssuePagingNum)
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
-	if len(keyword) > 0 {
-		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
-	}
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
-	}
-	if page > 0 {
-		sess = sess.Limit(setting.UI.IssuePagingNum, (page-1)*setting.UI.IssuePagingNum)
-	}
-
-	switch sortType {
-	case "furthestduedate":
-		sess.Desc("deadline_unix")
-	case "leastcomplete":
-		sess.Asc("completeness")
-	case "mostcomplete":
-		sess.Desc("completeness")
-	case "leastissues":
-		sess.Asc("num_issues")
-	case "mostissues":
-		sess.Desc("num_issues")
-	default:
-		sess.Asc("deadline_unix")
-	}
-	return miles, sess.Find(&miles)
-}
-
-// GetMilestonesByRepoIDs returns a list of milestones of given repositories and status.
-func GetMilestonesByRepoIDs(repoIDs []int64, page int, isClosed bool, sortType string) (MilestoneList, error) {
-	return SearchMilestones(
-		builder.In("repo_id", repoIDs),
-		page,
-		isClosed,
-		sortType,
-		"",
-	)
-}
-
-// MilestonesStats represents milestone statistic information.
-type MilestonesStats struct {
-	OpenCount, ClosedCount int64
-}
-
-// Total returns the total counts of milestones
-func (m MilestonesStats) Total() int64 {
-	return m.OpenCount + m.ClosedCount
-}
-
-// GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCond returns milestone statistic information for dashboard by given conditions.
-func GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCond(repoCond builder.Cond) (*MilestonesStats, error) {
-	var err error
-	stats := &MilestonesStats{}
-
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", false)
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
-	}
-	stats.OpenCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	sess = db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", true)
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
-	}
-	stats.ClosedCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return stats, nil
-}
-
-// GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCondAndKw returns milestone statistic information for dashboard by given repo conditions and name keyword.
-func GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCondAndKw(repoCond builder.Cond, keyword string) (*MilestonesStats, error) {
-	var err error
-	stats := &MilestonesStats{}
-
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", false)
-	if len(keyword) > 0 {
-		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
-	}
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
-	}
-	stats.OpenCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	sess = db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", true)
-	if len(keyword) > 0 {
-		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
-	}
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
-	}
-	stats.ClosedCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return stats, nil
-}
-
-// CountMilestones returns number of milestones in given repository with other options
-func CountMilestones(ctx context.Context, opts GetMilestonesOption) (int64, error) {
-	return db.GetEngine(ctx).
-		Where(opts.toCond()).
-		Count(new(Milestone))
-}
-
-// CountMilestonesByRepoCond map from repo conditions to number of milestones matching the options`
-func CountMilestonesByRepoCond(repoCond builder.Cond, isClosed bool) (map[int64]int64, error) {
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
-	}
-
-	countsSlice := make([]*struct {
-		RepoID int64
-		Count  int64
-	}, 0, 10)
-	if err := sess.GroupBy("repo_id").
-		Select("repo_id AS repo_id, COUNT(*) AS count").
-		Table("milestone").
-		Find(&countsSlice); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	countMap := make(map[int64]int64, len(countsSlice))
-	for _, c := range countsSlice {
-		countMap[c.RepoID] = c.Count
-	}
-	return countMap, nil
-}
-
-// CountMilestonesByRepoCondAndKw map from repo conditions and the keyword of milestones' name to number of milestones matching the options`
-func CountMilestonesByRepoCondAndKw(repoCond builder.Cond, keyword string, isClosed bool) (map[int64]int64, error) {
-	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
-	if len(keyword) > 0 {
-		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
-	}
-	if repoCond.IsValid() {
-		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
-	}
-
-	countsSlice := make([]*struct {
-		RepoID int64
-		Count  int64
-	}, 0, 10)
-	if err := sess.GroupBy("repo_id").
-		Select("repo_id AS repo_id, COUNT(*) AS count").
-		Table("milestone").
-		Find(&countsSlice); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	countMap := make(map[int64]int64, len(countsSlice))
-	for _, c := range countsSlice {
-		countMap[c.RepoID] = c.Count
-	}
-	return countMap, nil
-}
-
 func updateRepoMilestoneNum(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
 	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_milestones=(SELECT count(*) FROM milestone WHERE repo_id=?),num_closed_milestones=(SELECT count(*) FROM milestone WHERE repo_id=? AND is_closed=?) WHERE id=?",
 		repoID,
@@ -588,53 +332,6 @@ func updateRepoMilestoneNum(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
 	return err
 }
 
-//  _____               _            _ _____ _
-// |_   _| __ __ _  ___| | _____  __| |_   _(_)_ __ ___   ___  ___
-//   | || '__/ _` |/ __| |/ / _ \/ _` | | | | | '_ ` _ \ / _ \/ __|
-//   | || | | (_| | (__|   <  __/ (_| | | | | | | | | | |  __/\__ \
-//   |_||_|  \__,_|\___|_|\_\___|\__,_| |_| |_|_| |_| |_|\___||___/
-//
-
-func (milestones MilestoneList) loadTotalTrackedTimes(ctx context.Context) error {
-	type totalTimesByMilestone struct {
-		MilestoneID int64
-		Time        int64
-	}
-	if len(milestones) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	trackedTimes := make(map[int64]int64, len(milestones))
-
-	// Get total tracked time by milestone_id
-	rows, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("issue").
-		Join("INNER", "milestone", "issue.milestone_id = milestone.id").
-		Join("LEFT", "tracked_time", "tracked_time.issue_id = issue.id").
-		Where("tracked_time.deleted = ?", false).
-		Select("milestone_id, sum(time) as time").
-		In("milestone_id", milestones.getMilestoneIDs()).
-		GroupBy("milestone_id").
-		Rows(new(totalTimesByMilestone))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	defer rows.Close()
-
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var totalTime totalTimesByMilestone
-		err = rows.Scan(&totalTime)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		trackedTimes[totalTime.MilestoneID] = totalTime.Time
-	}
-
-	for _, milestone := range milestones {
-		milestone.TotalTrackedTime = trackedTimes[milestone.ID]
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (m *Milestone) loadTotalTrackedTime(ctx context.Context) error {
 	type totalTimesByMilestone struct {
 		MilestoneID int64
@@ -658,12 +355,33 @@ func (m *Milestone) loadTotalTrackedTime(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// LoadTotalTrackedTimes loads for every milestone in the list the TotalTrackedTime by a batch request
-func (milestones MilestoneList) LoadTotalTrackedTimes() error {
-	return milestones.loadTotalTrackedTimes(db.DefaultContext)
-}
-
 // LoadTotalTrackedTime loads the tracked time for the milestone
 func (m *Milestone) LoadTotalTrackedTime() error {
 	return m.loadTotalTrackedTime(db.DefaultContext)
 }
+
+// InsertMilestones creates milestones of repository.
+func InsertMilestones(ms ...*Milestone) (err error) {
+	if len(ms) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+
+	// to return the id, so we should not use batch insert
+	for _, m := range ms {
+		if _, err = sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(m); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `repository` SET num_milestones = num_milestones + ? WHERE id = ?", len(ms), ms[0].RepoID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/milestone_list.go b/models/issues/milestone_list.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0c29106a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/issues/milestone_list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	api "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+// MilestoneList is a list of milestones offering additional functionality
+type MilestoneList []*Milestone
+
+func (milestones MilestoneList) getMilestoneIDs() []int64 {
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(milestones))
+	for _, ms := range milestones {
+		ids = append(ids, ms.ID)
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// GetMilestonesOption contain options to get milestones
+type GetMilestonesOption struct {
+	db.ListOptions
+	RepoID   int64
+	State    api.StateType
+	Name     string
+	SortType string
+}
+
+func (opts GetMilestonesOption) toCond() builder.Cond {
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+	if opts.RepoID != 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"repo_id": opts.RepoID})
+	}
+
+	switch opts.State {
+	case api.StateClosed:
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_closed": true})
+	case api.StateAll:
+		break
+	// api.StateOpen:
+	default:
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_closed": false})
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.Name) != 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(db.BuildCaseInsensitiveLike("name", opts.Name))
+	}
+
+	return cond
+}
+
+// GetMilestones returns milestones filtered by GetMilestonesOption's
+func GetMilestones(opts GetMilestonesOption) (MilestoneList, int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where(opts.toCond())
+
+	if opts.Page != 0 {
+		sess = db.SetSessionPagination(sess, &opts)
+	}
+
+	switch opts.SortType {
+	case "furthestduedate":
+		sess.Desc("deadline_unix")
+	case "leastcomplete":
+		sess.Asc("completeness")
+	case "mostcomplete":
+		sess.Desc("completeness")
+	case "leastissues":
+		sess.Asc("num_issues")
+	case "mostissues":
+		sess.Desc("num_issues")
+	case "id":
+		sess.Asc("id")
+	default:
+		sess.Asc("deadline_unix").Asc("id")
+	}
+
+	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, opts.PageSize)
+	total, err := sess.FindAndCount(&miles)
+	return miles, total, err
+}
+
+// GetMilestoneIDsByNames returns a list of milestone ids by given names.
+// It doesn't filter them by repo, so it could return milestones belonging to different repos.
+// It's used for filtering issues via indexer, otherwise it would be useless.
+// Since it could return milestones with the same name, so the length of returned ids could be more than the length of names.
+func GetMilestoneIDsByNames(ctx context.Context, names []string) ([]int64, error) {
+	var ids []int64
+	return ids, db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("milestone").
+		Where(db.BuildCaseInsensitiveIn("name", names)).
+		Cols("id").
+		Find(&ids)
+}
+
+// SearchMilestones search milestones
+func SearchMilestones(repoCond builder.Cond, page int, isClosed bool, sortType, keyword string) (MilestoneList, error) {
+	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, setting.UI.IssuePagingNum)
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
+	if len(keyword) > 0 {
+		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
+	}
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
+	}
+	if page > 0 {
+		sess = sess.Limit(setting.UI.IssuePagingNum, (page-1)*setting.UI.IssuePagingNum)
+	}
+
+	switch sortType {
+	case "furthestduedate":
+		sess.Desc("deadline_unix")
+	case "leastcomplete":
+		sess.Asc("completeness")
+	case "mostcomplete":
+		sess.Desc("completeness")
+	case "leastissues":
+		sess.Asc("num_issues")
+	case "mostissues":
+		sess.Desc("num_issues")
+	default:
+		sess.Asc("deadline_unix")
+	}
+	return miles, sess.Find(&miles)
+}
+
+// GetMilestonesByRepoIDs returns a list of milestones of given repositories and status.
+func GetMilestonesByRepoIDs(repoIDs []int64, page int, isClosed bool, sortType string) (MilestoneList, error) {
+	return SearchMilestones(
+		builder.In("repo_id", repoIDs),
+		page,
+		isClosed,
+		sortType,
+		"",
+	)
+}
+
+func (milestones MilestoneList) loadTotalTrackedTimes(ctx context.Context) error {
+	type totalTimesByMilestone struct {
+		MilestoneID int64
+		Time        int64
+	}
+	if len(milestones) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	trackedTimes := make(map[int64]int64, len(milestones))
+
+	// Get total tracked time by milestone_id
+	rows, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("issue").
+		Join("INNER", "milestone", "issue.milestone_id = milestone.id").
+		Join("LEFT", "tracked_time", "tracked_time.issue_id = issue.id").
+		Where("tracked_time.deleted = ?", false).
+		Select("milestone_id, sum(time) as time").
+		In("milestone_id", milestones.getMilestoneIDs()).
+		GroupBy("milestone_id").
+		Rows(new(totalTimesByMilestone))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var totalTime totalTimesByMilestone
+		err = rows.Scan(&totalTime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		trackedTimes[totalTime.MilestoneID] = totalTime.Time
+	}
+
+	for _, milestone := range milestones {
+		milestone.TotalTrackedTime = trackedTimes[milestone.ID]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// LoadTotalTrackedTimes loads for every milestone in the list the TotalTrackedTime by a batch request
+func (milestones MilestoneList) LoadTotalTrackedTimes() error {
+	return milestones.loadTotalTrackedTimes(db.DefaultContext)
+}
+
+// CountMilestones returns number of milestones in given repository with other options
+func CountMilestones(ctx context.Context, opts GetMilestonesOption) (int64, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where(opts.toCond()).
+		Count(new(Milestone))
+}
+
+// CountMilestonesByRepoCond map from repo conditions to number of milestones matching the options`
+func CountMilestonesByRepoCond(repoCond builder.Cond, isClosed bool) (map[int64]int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
+	}
+
+	countsSlice := make([]*struct {
+		RepoID int64
+		Count  int64
+	}, 0, 10)
+	if err := sess.GroupBy("repo_id").
+		Select("repo_id AS repo_id, COUNT(*) AS count").
+		Table("milestone").
+		Find(&countsSlice); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	countMap := make(map[int64]int64, len(countsSlice))
+	for _, c := range countsSlice {
+		countMap[c.RepoID] = c.Count
+	}
+	return countMap, nil
+}
+
+// CountMilestonesByRepoCondAndKw map from repo conditions and the keyword of milestones' name to number of milestones matching the options`
+func CountMilestonesByRepoCondAndKw(repoCond builder.Cond, keyword string, isClosed bool) (map[int64]int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
+	if len(keyword) > 0 {
+		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
+	}
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond))
+	}
+
+	countsSlice := make([]*struct {
+		RepoID int64
+		Count  int64
+	}, 0, 10)
+	if err := sess.GroupBy("repo_id").
+		Select("repo_id AS repo_id, COUNT(*) AS count").
+		Table("milestone").
+		Find(&countsSlice); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	countMap := make(map[int64]int64, len(countsSlice))
+	for _, c := range countsSlice {
+		countMap[c.RepoID] = c.Count
+	}
+	return countMap, nil
+}
+
+// MilestonesStats represents milestone statistic information.
+type MilestonesStats struct {
+	OpenCount, ClosedCount int64
+}
+
+// Total returns the total counts of milestones
+func (m MilestonesStats) Total() int64 {
+	return m.OpenCount + m.ClosedCount
+}
+
+// GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCond returns milestone statistic information for dashboard by given conditions.
+func GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCond(repoCond builder.Cond) (*MilestonesStats, error) {
+	var err error
+	stats := &MilestonesStats{}
+
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", false)
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
+	}
+	stats.OpenCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sess = db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", true)
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
+	}
+	stats.ClosedCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+// GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCondAndKw returns milestone statistic information for dashboard by given repo conditions and name keyword.
+func GetMilestonesStatsByRepoCondAndKw(repoCond builder.Cond, keyword string) (*MilestonesStats, error) {
+	var err error
+	stats := &MilestonesStats{}
+
+	sess := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", false)
+	if len(keyword) > 0 {
+		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
+	}
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
+	}
+	stats.OpenCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sess = db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Where("is_closed = ?", true)
+	if len(keyword) > 0 {
+		sess = sess.And(builder.Like{"UPPER(name)", strings.ToUpper(keyword)})
+	}
+	if repoCond.IsValid() {
+		sess.And(builder.In("repo_id", builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(repoCond)))
+	}
+	stats.ClosedCount, err = sess.Count(new(Milestone))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return stats, nil
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/milestone_test.go b/models/issues/milestone_test.go
index 5db5655906..e85d77ebc8 100644
--- a/models/issues/milestone_test.go
+++ b/models/issues/milestone_test.go
@@ -351,3 +351,21 @@ func TestUpdateMilestoneCounters(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, issues_model.UpdateMilestoneCounters(db.DefaultContext, issue.MilestoneID))
 	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Milestone{})
 }
+
+func TestMigrate_InsertMilestones(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	reponame := "repo1"
+	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
+	name := "milestonetest1"
+	ms := &issues_model.Milestone{
+		RepoID: repo.ID,
+		Name:   name,
+	}
+	err := issues_model.InsertMilestones(ms)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, ms)
+	repoModified := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{ID: repo.ID})
+	assert.EqualValues(t, repo.NumMilestones+1, repoModified.NumMilestones)
+
+	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Milestone{})
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/pull.go b/models/issues/pull.go
index 676224a3d6..1c163ecca4 100644
--- a/models/issues/pull.go
+++ b/models/issues/pull.go
@@ -1105,3 +1105,23 @@ func TokenizeCodeOwnersLine(line string) []string {
 
 	return tokens
 }
+
+// InsertPullRequests inserted pull requests
+func InsertPullRequests(ctx context.Context, prs ...*PullRequest) error {
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+	for _, pr := range prs {
+		if err := insertIssue(ctx, pr.Issue); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pr.IssueID = pr.Issue.ID
+		if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(pr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/issues/pull_test.go b/models/issues/pull_test.go
index fa1f551adb..83977560ae 100644
--- a/models/issues/pull_test.go
+++ b/models/issues/pull_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@@ -337,3 +338,31 @@ func TestGetApprovers(t *testing.T) {
 	expected := "Reviewed-by: User Five <user5@example.com>\nReviewed-by: User Six <user6@example.com>\n"
 	assert.EqualValues(t, expected, approvers)
 }
+
+func TestMigrate_InsertPullRequests(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	reponame := "repo1"
+	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
+	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: repo.OwnerID})
+
+	i := &issues_model.Issue{
+		RepoID:   repo.ID,
+		Repo:     repo,
+		Title:    "title1",
+		Content:  "issuecontent1",
+		IsPull:   true,
+		PosterID: owner.ID,
+		Poster:   owner,
+	}
+
+	p := &issues_model.PullRequest{
+		Issue: i,
+	}
+
+	err := issues_model.InsertPullRequests(db.DefaultContext, p)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_ = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.PullRequest{IssueID: i.ID})
+
+	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Issue{}, &issues_model.PullRequest{})
+}
diff --git a/models/migrate.go b/models/migrate.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 9705d0ad04..0000000000
--- a/models/migrate.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package models
-
-import (
-	"context"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
-	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
-)
-
-// InsertMilestones creates milestones of repository.
-func InsertMilestones(ms ...*issues_model.Milestone) (err error) {
-	if len(ms) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-
-	// to return the id, so we should not use batch insert
-	for _, m := range ms {
-		if _, err = sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(m); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `repository` SET num_milestones = num_milestones + ? WHERE id = ?", len(ms), ms[0].RepoID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-// InsertIssues insert issues to database
-func InsertIssues(issues ...*issues_model.Issue) error {
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-
-	for _, issue := range issues {
-		if err := insertIssue(ctx, issue); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-func insertIssue(ctx context.Context, issue *issues_model.Issue) error {
-	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-	if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(issue); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	issueLabels := make([]issues_model.IssueLabel, 0, len(issue.Labels))
-	for _, label := range issue.Labels {
-		issueLabels = append(issueLabels, issues_model.IssueLabel{
-			IssueID: issue.ID,
-			LabelID: label.ID,
-		})
-	}
-	if len(issueLabels) > 0 {
-		if _, err := sess.Insert(issueLabels); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, reaction := range issue.Reactions {
-		reaction.IssueID = issue.ID
-	}
-
-	if len(issue.Reactions) > 0 {
-		if _, err := sess.Insert(issue.Reactions); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// InsertIssueComments inserts many comments of issues.
-func InsertIssueComments(comments []*issues_model.Comment) error {
-	if len(comments) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	issueIDs := make(container.Set[int64])
-	for _, comment := range comments {
-		issueIDs.Add(comment.IssueID)
-	}
-
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-	for _, comment := range comments {
-		if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).NoAutoTime().Insert(comment); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		for _, reaction := range comment.Reactions {
-			reaction.IssueID = comment.IssueID
-			reaction.CommentID = comment.ID
-		}
-		if len(comment.Reactions) > 0 {
-			if err := db.Insert(ctx, comment.Reactions); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for issueID := range issueIDs {
-		if _, err := db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE issue set num_comments = (SELECT count(*) FROM comment WHERE issue_id = ? AND `type`=?) WHERE id = ?",
-			issueID, issues_model.CommentTypeComment, issueID); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-// InsertPullRequests inserted pull requests
-func InsertPullRequests(ctx context.Context, prs ...*issues_model.PullRequest) error {
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-	for _, pr := range prs {
-		if err := insertIssue(ctx, pr.Issue); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		pr.IssueID = pr.Issue.ID
-		if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(pr); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-// InsertReleases migrates release
-func InsertReleases(rels ...*repo_model.Release) error {
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-
-	for _, rel := range rels {
-		if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(rel); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if len(rel.Attachments) > 0 {
-			for i := range rel.Attachments {
-				rel.Attachments[i].ReleaseID = rel.ID
-			}
-
-			if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(rel.Attachments); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-// UpdateMigrationsByType updates all migrated repositories' posterid from gitServiceType to replace originalAuthorID to posterID
-func UpdateMigrationsByType(tp structs.GitServiceType, externalUserID string, userID int64) error {
-	if err := issues_model.UpdateIssuesMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := issues_model.UpdateCommentsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := repo_model.UpdateReleasesMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := issues_model.UpdateReactionsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return issues_model.UpdateReviewsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID)
-}
diff --git a/models/migrate_test.go b/models/migrate_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 74736a2849..0000000000
--- a/models/migrate_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package models
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
-	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
-	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestMigrate_InsertMilestones(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
-	reponame := "repo1"
-	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
-	name := "milestonetest1"
-	ms := &issues_model.Milestone{
-		RepoID: repo.ID,
-		Name:   name,
-	}
-	err := InsertMilestones(ms)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, ms)
-	repoModified := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{ID: repo.ID})
-	assert.EqualValues(t, repo.NumMilestones+1, repoModified.NumMilestones)
-
-	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Milestone{})
-}
-
-func assertCreateIssues(t *testing.T, isPull bool) {
-	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
-	reponame := "repo1"
-	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
-	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: repo.OwnerID})
-	label := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Label{ID: 1})
-	milestone := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Milestone{ID: 1})
-	assert.EqualValues(t, milestone.ID, 1)
-	reaction := &issues_model.Reaction{
-		Type:   "heart",
-		UserID: owner.ID,
-	}
-
-	title := "issuetitle1"
-	is := &issues_model.Issue{
-		RepoID:      repo.ID,
-		MilestoneID: milestone.ID,
-		Repo:        repo,
-		Title:       title,
-		Content:     "issuecontent1",
-		IsPull:      isPull,
-		PosterID:    owner.ID,
-		Poster:      owner,
-		IsClosed:    true,
-		Labels:      []*issues_model.Label{label},
-		Reactions:   []*issues_model.Reaction{reaction},
-	}
-	err := InsertIssues(is)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	i := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{Title: title})
-	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Reaction{Type: "heart", UserID: owner.ID, IssueID: i.ID})
-}
-
-func TestMigrate_CreateIssuesIsPullFalse(t *testing.T) {
-	assertCreateIssues(t, false)
-}
-
-func TestMigrate_CreateIssuesIsPullTrue(t *testing.T) {
-	assertCreateIssues(t, true)
-}
-
-func TestMigrate_InsertIssueComments(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
-	issue := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 1})
-	_ = issue.LoadRepo(db.DefaultContext)
-	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: issue.Repo.OwnerID})
-	reaction := &issues_model.Reaction{
-		Type:   "heart",
-		UserID: owner.ID,
-	}
-
-	comment := &issues_model.Comment{
-		PosterID:  owner.ID,
-		Poster:    owner,
-		IssueID:   issue.ID,
-		Issue:     issue,
-		Reactions: []*issues_model.Reaction{reaction},
-	}
-
-	err := InsertIssueComments([]*issues_model.Comment{comment})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	issueModified := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 1})
-	assert.EqualValues(t, issue.NumComments+1, issueModified.NumComments)
-
-	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Issue{})
-}
-
-func TestMigrate_InsertPullRequests(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
-	reponame := "repo1"
-	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{Name: reponame})
-	owner := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: repo.OwnerID})
-
-	i := &issues_model.Issue{
-		RepoID:   repo.ID,
-		Repo:     repo,
-		Title:    "title1",
-		Content:  "issuecontent1",
-		IsPull:   true,
-		PosterID: owner.ID,
-		Poster:   owner,
-	}
-
-	p := &issues_model.PullRequest{
-		Issue: i,
-	}
-
-	err := InsertPullRequests(db.DefaultContext, p)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_ = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.PullRequest{IssueID: i.ID})
-
-	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &issues_model.Issue{}, &issues_model.PullRequest{})
-}
-
-func TestMigrate_InsertReleases(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
-
-	a := &repo_model.Attachment{
-		UUID: "a0eebc91-9c0c-4ef7-bb6e-6bb9bd380a12",
-	}
-	r := &repo_model.Release{
-		Attachments: []*repo_model.Attachment{a},
-	}
-
-	err := InsertReleases(r)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-}
diff --git a/models/org_team.go b/models/org_team.go
index f887c9ee98..cf3680990d 100644
--- a/models/org_team.go
+++ b/models/org_team.go
@@ -485,12 +485,12 @@ func removeTeamMember(ctx context.Context, team *organization.Team, userID int64
 		}
 
 		// Remove watches from now unaccessible
-		if err := reconsiderWatches(ctx, repo, userID); err != nil {
+		if err := ReconsiderWatches(ctx, repo, userID); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
 		// Remove issue assignments from now unaccessible
-		if err := reconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx, repo, userID); err != nil {
+		if err := ReconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx, repo, userID); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -523,3 +523,33 @@ func RemoveTeamMember(team *organization.Team, userID int64) error {
 	}
 	return committer.Commit()
 }
+
+func ReconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) error {
+	user, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, uid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if canAssigned, err := access_model.CanBeAssigned(ctx, user, repo, true); err != nil || canAssigned {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(builder.Eq{"assignee_id": uid}).
+		In("issue_id", builder.Select("id").From("issue").Where(builder.Eq{"repo_id": repo.ID})).
+		Delete(&issues_model.IssueAssignees{}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Could not delete assignee[%d] %w", uid, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReconsiderWatches(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) error {
+	if has, err := access_model.HasAccess(ctx, uid, repo); err != nil || has {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := repo_model.WatchRepo(ctx, uid, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Remove all IssueWatches a user has subscribed to in the repository
+	return issues_model.RemoveIssueWatchersByRepoID(ctx, uid, repo.ID)
+}
diff --git a/models/repo/release.go b/models/repo/release.go
index 191475d541..0e92474365 100644
--- a/models/repo/release.go
+++ b/models/repo/release.go
@@ -552,3 +552,31 @@ func (r *Release) GetExternalName() string { return r.OriginalAuthor }
 
 // ExternalID ExternalUserRemappable interface
 func (r *Release) GetExternalID() int64 { return r.OriginalAuthorID }
+
+// InsertReleases migrates release
+func InsertReleases(rels ...*Release) error {
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+
+	for _, rel := range rels {
+		if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(rel); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if len(rel.Attachments) > 0 {
+			for i := range rel.Attachments {
+				rel.Attachments[i].ReleaseID = rel.ID
+			}
+
+			if _, err := sess.NoAutoTime().Insert(rel.Attachments); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/repo/release_test.go b/models/repo/release_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a45ab32f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/repo/release_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package repo
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestMigrate_InsertReleases(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	a := &Attachment{
+		UUID: "a0eebc91-9c0c-4ef7-bb6e-6bb9bd380a12",
+	}
+	r := &Release{
+		Attachments: []*Attachment{a},
+	}
+
+	err := InsertReleases(r)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
diff --git a/models/repo_collaboration.go b/models/repo_collaboration.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b85880eab9..0000000000
--- a/models/repo_collaboration.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package models
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
-	access_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/perm/access"
-	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
-	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
-
-	"xorm.io/builder"
-)
-
-// DeleteCollaboration removes collaboration relation between the user and repository.
-func DeleteCollaboration(repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) (err error) {
-	collaboration := &repo_model.Collaboration{
-		RepoID: repo.ID,
-		UserID: uid,
-	}
-
-	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer committer.Close()
-
-	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(collaboration); err != nil || has == 0 {
-		return err
-	} else if err = access_model.RecalculateAccesses(ctx, repo); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = repo_model.WatchRepo(ctx, uid, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = reconsiderWatches(ctx, repo, uid); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Unassign a user from any issue (s)he has been assigned to in the repository
-	if err := reconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx, repo, uid); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return committer.Commit()
-}
-
-func reconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) error {
-	user, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, uid)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if canAssigned, err := access_model.CanBeAssigned(ctx, user, repo, true); err != nil || canAssigned {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(builder.Eq{"assignee_id": uid}).
-		In("issue_id", builder.Select("id").From("issue").Where(builder.Eq{"repo_id": repo.ID})).
-		Delete(&issues_model.IssueAssignees{}); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Could not delete assignee[%d] %w", uid, err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func reconsiderWatches(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) error {
-	if has, err := access_model.HasAccess(ctx, uid, repo); err != nil || has {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := repo_model.WatchRepo(ctx, uid, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Remove all IssueWatches a user has subscribed to in the repository
-	return issues_model.RemoveIssueWatchersByRepoID(ctx, uid, repo.ID)
-}
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/repo/collaborators.go b/routers/api/v1/repo/collaborators.go
index 942d4c799f..66e7577a4b 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/repo/collaborators.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/repo/collaborators.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/perm"
 	access_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/perm/access"
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/api/v1/utils"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/convert"
+	repo_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/repository"
 )
 
 // ListCollaborators list a repository's collaborators
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func DeleteCollaborator(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := models.DeleteCollaboration(ctx.Repo.Repository, collaborator.ID); err != nil {
+	if err := repo_service.DeleteCollaboration(ctx.Repo.Repository, collaborator.ID); err != nil {
 		ctx.Error(http.StatusInternalServerError, "DeleteCollaboration", err)
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/setting/collaboration.go b/routers/web/repo/setting/collaboration.go
index 84e5fd30ca..212b0346bc 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/setting/collaboration.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/setting/collaboration.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/organization"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/perm"
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func ChangeCollaborationAccessMode(ctx *context.Context) {
 
 // DeleteCollaboration delete a collaboration for a repository
 func DeleteCollaboration(ctx *context.Context) {
-	if err := models.DeleteCollaboration(ctx.Repo.Repository, ctx.FormInt64("id")); err != nil {
+	if err := repo_service.DeleteCollaboration(ctx.Repo.Repository, ctx.FormInt64("id")); err != nil {
 		ctx.Flash.Error("DeleteCollaboration: " + err.Error())
 	} else {
 		ctx.Flash.Success(ctx.Tr("repo.settings.remove_collaborator_success"))
diff --git a/services/externalaccount/user.go b/services/externalaccount/user.go
index 87d2e02b48..3da5af3486 100644
--- a/services/externalaccount/user.go
+++ b/services/externalaccount/user.go
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ package externalaccount
 import (
 	"strings"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
 
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ func LinkAccountToUser(user *user_model.User, gothUser goth.User) error {
 	}
 
 	if tp.Name() != "" {
-		return models.UpdateMigrationsByType(tp, externalID, user.ID)
+		return UpdateMigrationsByType(tp, externalID, user.ID)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -77,3 +78,23 @@ func UpdateExternalUser(user *user_model.User, gothUser goth.User) error {
 
 	return user_model.UpdateExternalUserByExternalID(externalLoginUser)
 }
+
+// UpdateMigrationsByType updates all migrated repositories' posterid from gitServiceType to replace originalAuthorID to posterID
+func UpdateMigrationsByType(tp structs.GitServiceType, externalUserID string, userID int64) error {
+	if err := issues_model.UpdateIssuesMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := issues_model.UpdateCommentsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := repo_model.UpdateReleasesMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := issues_model.UpdateReactionsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return issues_model.UpdateReviewsMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, userID)
+}
diff --git a/services/migrations/gitea_uploader.go b/services/migrations/gitea_uploader.go
index 3f055707ae..4c21efae44 100644
--- a/services/migrations/gitea_uploader.go
+++ b/services/migrations/gitea_uploader.go
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func (g *GiteaLocalUploader) CreateMilestones(milestones ...*base.Milestone) err
 		mss = append(mss, &ms)
 	}
 
-	err := models.InsertMilestones(mss...)
+	err := issues_model.InsertMilestones(mss...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ func (g *GiteaLocalUploader) CreateReleases(releases ...*base.Release) error {
 		rels = append(rels, &rel)
 	}
 
-	return models.InsertReleases(rels...)
+	return repo_model.InsertReleases(rels...)
 }
 
 // SyncTags syncs releases with tags in the database
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ func (g *GiteaLocalUploader) CreateIssues(issues ...*base.Issue) error {
 	}
 
 	if len(iss) > 0 {
-		if err := models.InsertIssues(iss...); err != nil {
+		if err := issues_model.InsertIssues(iss...); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ func (g *GiteaLocalUploader) CreateComments(comments ...*base.Comment) error {
 	if len(cms) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return models.InsertIssueComments(cms)
+	return issues_model.InsertIssueComments(cms)
 }
 
 // CreatePullRequests creates pull requests
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ func (g *GiteaLocalUploader) CreatePullRequests(prs ...*base.PullRequest) error
 
 		gprs = append(gprs, gpr)
 	}
-	if err := models.InsertPullRequests(ctx, gprs...); err != nil {
+	if err := issues_model.InsertPullRequests(ctx, gprs...); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	for _, pr := range gprs {
diff --git a/services/migrations/update.go b/services/migrations/update.go
index 48b61885e8..2adca01dfe 100644
--- a/services/migrations/update.go
+++ b/services/migrations/update.go
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ package migrations
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/externalaccount"
 )
 
 // UpdateMigrationPosterID updates all migrated repositories' issues and comments posterID
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func updateMigrationPosterIDByGitService(ctx context.Context, tp structs.GitServ
 			default:
 			}
 			externalUserID := user.ExternalID
-			if err := models.UpdateMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, user.UserID); err != nil {
+			if err := externalaccount.UpdateMigrationsByType(tp, externalUserID, user.UserID); err != nil {
 				log.Error("UpdateMigrationsByType type %s external user id %v to local user id %v failed: %v", tp.Name(), user.ExternalID, user.UserID, err)
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/services/repository/collaboration.go b/services/repository/collaboration.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28824d83f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/repository/collaboration.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	access_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/perm/access"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+)
+
+// DeleteCollaboration removes collaboration relation between the user and repository.
+func DeleteCollaboration(repo *repo_model.Repository, uid int64) (err error) {
+	collaboration := &repo_model.Collaboration{
+		RepoID: repo.ID,
+		UserID: uid,
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(db.DefaultContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(collaboration); err != nil || has == 0 {
+		return err
+	} else if err = access_model.RecalculateAccesses(ctx, repo); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = repo_model.WatchRepo(ctx, uid, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = models.ReconsiderWatches(ctx, repo, uid); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Unassign a user from any issue (s)he has been assigned to in the repository
+	if err := models.ReconsiderRepoIssuesAssignee(ctx, repo, uid); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/repo_collaboration_test.go b/services/repository/collaboration_test.go
similarity index 97%
rename from models/repo_collaboration_test.go
rename to services/repository/collaboration_test.go
index 95fb35fe6d..08159af7bc 100644
--- a/models/repo_collaboration_test.go
+++ b/services/repository/collaboration_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package models
+package repository
 
 import (
 	"testing"