<?php
/**
 * @file
 * Functions that need to be loaded on every Drupal request.
 */

use Drupal\Component\Datetime\DateTimePlus;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\Crypt;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\Environment;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\SafeMarkup;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\String;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\Unicode;
use Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel;
use Drupal\Core\Extension\ExtensionDiscovery;
use Drupal\Core\Site\Settings;
use Drupal\Core\Utility\Error;
use Symfony\Component\ClassLoader\ApcClassLoader;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageInterface;

/**
 * Minimum supported version of PHP.
 */
const DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PHP = '5.4.5';

/**
 * Minimum supported version of PHP on Debian.
 *
 * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/2267551.
 */
const DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PHP_DEBIAN = '5.4.4-14+deb7u14';

/**
 * Minimum recommended value of PHP memory_limit.
 *
 * @todo Reduce the memory required to install on some environments in
 *   https://www.drupal.org/node/2289201 and then decrease this limit.
 */
const DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PHP_MEMORY_LIMIT = '64M';

/**
 * Error reporting level: display no errors.
 */
const ERROR_REPORTING_HIDE = 'hide';

/**
 * Error reporting level: display errors and warnings.
 */
const ERROR_REPORTING_DISPLAY_SOME = 'some';

/**
 * Error reporting level: display all messages.
 */
const ERROR_REPORTING_DISPLAY_ALL = 'all';

/**
 * Error reporting level: display all messages, plus backtrace information.
 */
const ERROR_REPORTING_DISPLAY_VERBOSE = 'verbose';

/**
 * @defgroup logging_severity_levels Logging severity levels
 * @{
 * Logging severity levels as defined in RFC 3164.
 *
 * The WATCHDOG_* constant definitions correspond to the logging severity levels
 * defined in RFC 3164, section 4.1.1. PHP supplies predefined LOG_* constants
 * for use in the syslog() function, but their values on Windows builds do not
 * correspond to RFC 3164. The associated PHP bug report was closed with the
 * comment, "And it's also not a bug, as Windows just have less log levels,"
 * and "So the behavior you're seeing is perfectly normal."
 *
 * @see http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3164.html
 * @see http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=18090
 * @see http://php.net/manual/function.syslog.php
 * @see http://php.net/manual/network.constants.php
 * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
 */

/**
 * Log message severity -- Emergency: system is unusable.
 */
const WATCHDOG_EMERGENCY = 0;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Alert: action must be taken immediately.
 */
const WATCHDOG_ALERT = 1;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Critical conditions.
 */
const WATCHDOG_CRITICAL = 2;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Error conditions.
 */
const WATCHDOG_ERROR = 3;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Warning conditions.
 */
const WATCHDOG_WARNING = 4;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Normal but significant conditions.
 */
const WATCHDOG_NOTICE = 5;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Informational messages.
 */
const WATCHDOG_INFO = 6;

/**
 * Log message severity -- Debug-level messages.
 */
const WATCHDOG_DEBUG = 7;

/**
 * @} End of "defgroup logging_severity_levels".
 */

/**
 * First bootstrap phase: initialize configuration.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
const DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION = 0;

/**
 * Second bootstrap phase, initialize a kernel.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
const DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_KERNEL = 1;

/**
 * Third bootstrap phase: try to serve a cached page.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
const DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_CACHE = 2;

/**
 * Fourth bootstrap phase: load code for subsystems and modules.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
const DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CODE = 3;

/**
 * Final bootstrap phase: initialize language, path, theme, and modules.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
const DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL = 4;

/**
 * Role ID for anonymous users; should match what's in the "role" table.
 */
const DRUPAL_ANONYMOUS_RID = 'anonymous';

/**
 * Role ID for authenticated users; should match what's in the "role" table.
 */
const DRUPAL_AUTHENTICATED_RID = 'authenticated';

/**
 * The maximum number of characters in a module or theme name.
 */
const DRUPAL_EXTENSION_NAME_MAX_LENGTH = 50;

/**
 * Time of the current request in seconds elapsed since the Unix Epoch.
 *
 * This differs from $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'], which is stored as a float
 * since PHP 5.4.0. Float timestamps confuse most PHP functions
 * (including date_create()).
 *
 * @see http://php.net/manual/reserved.variables.server.php
 * @see http://php.net/manual/function.time.php
 */
define('REQUEST_TIME', (int) $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME']);

/**
 * Regular expression to match PHP function names.
 *
 * @see http://php.net/manual/language.functions.php
 */
const DRUPAL_PHP_FUNCTION_PATTERN = '[a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*';

/**
 * $config_directories key for active directory.
 *
 * @see config_get_config_directory()
 */
const CONFIG_ACTIVE_DIRECTORY = 'active';

/**
 * $config_directories key for staging directory.
 *
 * @see config_get_config_directory()
 */
const CONFIG_STAGING_DIRECTORY = 'staging';

/**
 * Defines the root directory of the Drupal installation.
 *
 * This strips two levels of directories off the current directory.
 */
define('DRUPAL_ROOT', dirname(dirname(__DIR__)));

/**
 * Returns the appropriate configuration directory.
 *
 * @param bool $require_settings
 *   Only configuration directories with an existing settings.php file
 *   will be recognized. Defaults to TRUE. During initial installation,
 *   this is set to FALSE so that Drupal can detect a matching directory,
 *   then create a new settings.php file in it.
 * @param bool $reset
 *   Force a full search for matching directories even if one had been
 *   found previously. Defaults to FALSE.
 * @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request $request
 *   (optional) The current request. Defaults to \Drupal::request() or a new
 *   request created from globals.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The path of the matching directory.@see default.settings.php
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel::getSitePath() instead. If the kernel is
 *   unavailable or the site path needs to be recalculated then
 *   Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel::findSitePath() can be used.
 */
function conf_path($require_settings = TRUE, $reset = FALSE, Request $request = NULL) {
  if (!isset($request)) {
    if (\Drupal::hasRequest()) {
      $request = \Drupal::request();
    }
    // @todo Remove once external CLI scripts (Drush) are updated.
    else {
      $request = Request::createFromGlobals();
    }
  }
  if (\Drupal::hasService('kernel')) {
    $site_path = \Drupal::service('kernel')->getSitePath();
  }
  if (!isset($site_path) || empty($site_path)) {
    $site_path = DrupalKernel::findSitePath($request, $require_settings);
  }
  return $site_path;
}
/**
 * Returns the path of a configuration directory.
 *
 * @param string $type
 *   (optional) The type of config directory to return. Drupal core provides
 *   'active' and 'staging'. Defaults to CONFIG_ACTIVE_DIRECTORY.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The configuration directory path.
 */
function config_get_config_directory($type = CONFIG_ACTIVE_DIRECTORY) {
  global $config_directories;

  if (!empty($config_directories[$type])) {
    return $config_directories[$type];
  }
  throw new \Exception(format_string('The configuration directory type %type does not exist.', array('%type' => $type)));
}

/**
 * Returns and optionally sets the filename for a system resource.
 *
 * The filename, whether provided, cached, or retrieved from the database, is
 * only returned if the file exists.
 *
 * This function plays a key role in allowing Drupal's resources (modules
 * and themes) to be located in different places depending on a site's
 * configuration. For example, a module 'foo' may legally be located
 * in any of these three places:
 *
 * core/modules/foo/foo.info.yml
 * modules/foo/foo.info.yml
 * sites/example.com/modules/foo/foo.info.yml
 *
 * Calling drupal_get_filename('module', 'foo') will give you one of
 * the above, depending on where the module is located.
 *
 * @param $type
 *   The type of the item; one of 'core', 'profile', 'module', 'theme', or
 *   'theme_engine'.
 * @param $name
 *   The name of the item for which the filename is requested. Ignored for
 *   $type 'core'.
 * @param $filename
 *   The filename of the item if it is to be set explicitly rather
 *   than by consulting the database.
 *
 * @return
 *   The filename of the requested item or NULL if the item is not found.
 */
function drupal_get_filename($type, $name, $filename = NULL) {
  // The location of files will not change during the request, so do not use
  // drupal_static().
  static $files = array();

  // Type 'core' only exists to simplify application-level logic; it always maps
  // to the /core directory, whereas $name is ignored. It is only requested via
  // drupal_get_path(). /core/core.info.yml does not exist, but is required
  // since drupal_get_path() returns the dirname() of the returned pathname.
  if ($type === 'core') {
    return 'core/core.info.yml';
  }

  // Profiles are converted into modules in system_rebuild_module_data().
  // @todo Remove false-exposure of profiles as modules.
  $original_type = $type;
  if ($type == 'profile') {
    $type = 'module';
  }
  if (!isset($files[$type])) {
    $files[$type] = array();
  }

  if (isset($filename)) {
    $files[$type][$name] = $filename;
  }
  elseif (!isset($files[$type][$name])) {
    // If the pathname of the requested extension is not known, try to retrieve
    // the list of extension pathnames from various providers, checking faster
    // providers first.
    // Retrieve the current module list (derived from the service container).
    if ($type == 'module' && \Drupal::hasService('module_handler')) {
      foreach (\Drupal::moduleHandler()->getModuleList() as $module_name => $module) {
        $files[$type][$module_name] = $module->getPathname();
      }
    }
    // If still unknown, retrieve the file list prepared in state by
    // system_rebuild_module_data() and system_rebuild_theme_data().
    if (!isset($files[$type][$name]) && \Drupal::hasService('state')) {
      $files[$type] += \Drupal::state()->get('system.' . $type . '.files', array());
    }
    // If still unknown, perform a filesystem scan.
    if (!isset($files[$type][$name])) {
      $listing = new ExtensionDiscovery();
      // Prevent an infinite recursion by this legacy function.
      if ($original_type == 'profile') {
        $listing->setProfileDirectories(array());
      }
      foreach ($listing->scan($original_type) as $extension_name => $file) {
        $files[$type][$extension_name] = $file->getPathname();
      }
    }
  }

  if (isset($files[$type][$name])) {
    return $files[$type][$name];
  }
}

/**
 * Gets the page cache cid for this request.
 *
 * @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request $request
 *   The request for this page.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The cid for this request.
 */
function drupal_page_cache_get_cid(Request $request) {
  $cid_parts = array(
    $request->getUri(),
    \Drupal::service('content_negotiation')->getContentType($request),
  );
  return sha1(implode(':', $cid_parts));
}

/**
 * Retrieves the current page from the cache.
 *
 * @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request $request
 *   The request for this page.
 *
 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 *   The response, if the page was found in the cache, NULL otherwise.
 */
function drupal_page_get_cache(Request $request) {
  $cache = \Drupal::cache('render')->get(drupal_page_cache_get_cid($request));
  if ($cache) {
    return $cache->data;
  }
}

/**
 * Sets an HTTP response header for the current page.
 *
 * Note: When sending a Content-Type header, always include a 'charset' type,
 * too. This is necessary to avoid security bugs (e.g. UTF-7 XSS).
 *
 * @param $name
 *   The HTTP header name, or the special 'Status' header name.
 * @param $value
 *   The HTTP header value; if equal to FALSE, the specified header is unset.
 *   If $name is 'Status', this is expected to be a status code followed by a
 *   reason phrase, e.g. "404 Not Found".
 * @param $append
 *   Whether to append the value to an existing header or to replace it.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response->headers->set().
 *   See https://drupal.org/node/2181523.
 */
function _drupal_add_http_header($name, $value, $append = FALSE) {
  // The headers as name/value pairs.
  $headers = &drupal_static('drupal_http_headers', array());

  $name_lower = strtolower($name);
  _drupal_set_preferred_header_name($name);

  if ($value === FALSE) {
    $headers[$name_lower] = FALSE;
  }
  elseif (isset($headers[$name_lower]) && $append) {
    // Multiple headers with identical names may be combined using comma (RFC
    // 2616, section 4.2).
    $headers[$name_lower] .= ',' . $value;
  }
  else {
    $headers[$name_lower] = $value;
  }
}

/**
 * Gets the HTTP response headers for the current page.
 *
 * @param $name
 *   An HTTP header name. If omitted, all headers are returned as name/value
 *   pairs. If an array value is FALSE, the header has been unset.
 *
 * @return
 *   A string containing the header value, or FALSE if the header has been set,
 *   or NULL if the header has not been set.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response->headers->get().
 *   See https://drupal.org/node/2181523.
 */
function drupal_get_http_header($name = NULL) {
  $headers = &drupal_static('drupal_http_headers', array());
  if (isset($name)) {
    $name = strtolower($name);
    return isset($headers[$name]) ? $headers[$name] : NULL;
  }
  else {
    return $headers;
  }
}

/**
 * Sets the preferred name for the HTTP header.
 *
 * Header names are case-insensitive, but for maximum compatibility they should
 * follow "common form" (see RFC 2616, section 4.2).
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   See https://drupal.org/node/2181523.
 */
function _drupal_set_preferred_header_name($name = NULL) {
  static $header_names = array();

  if (!isset($name)) {
    return $header_names;
  }
  $header_names[strtolower($name)] = $name;
}

/**
 * Sends the HTTP response headers that were previously set, adding defaults.
 *
 * Headers are set in _drupal_add_http_header(). Default headers are not set
 * if they have been replaced or unset using _drupal_add_http_header().
 *
 * @param array $default_headers
 *   (optional) An array of headers as name/value pairs.
 * @param bool $only_default
 *   (optional) If TRUE and headers have already been sent, send only the
 *   specified headers.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   See https://drupal.org/node/2181523.
 */
function drupal_send_headers($default_headers = array(), $only_default = FALSE) {
  $headers_sent = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, FALSE);
  $headers = drupal_get_http_header();
  if ($only_default && $headers_sent) {
    $headers = array();
  }
  $headers_sent = TRUE;

  $header_names = _drupal_set_preferred_header_name();
  foreach ($default_headers as $name => $value) {
    $name_lower = strtolower($name);
    if (!isset($headers[$name_lower])) {
      $headers[$name_lower] = $value;
      $header_names[$name_lower] = $name;
    }
  }
  foreach ($headers as $name_lower => $value) {
    if ($name_lower == 'status') {
      header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' ' . $value);
    }
    // Skip headers that have been unset.
    elseif ($value !== FALSE) {
      header($header_names[$name_lower] . ': ' . $value);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Sets HTTP headers in preparation for a page response.
 *
 * Authenticated users are always given a 'no-cache' header, and will fetch a
 * fresh page on every request. This prevents authenticated users from seeing
 * locally cached pages.
 *
 * Also give each page a unique ETag. This should force clients to include both
 * an If-Modified-Since header and an If-None-Match header when doing
 * conditional requests for the page (required by RFC 2616, section 13.3.4),
 * making the validation more robust. This is a workaround for a bug in Mozilla
 * Firefox that is triggered when Drupal's caching is enabled and the user
 * accesses Drupal via an HTTP proxy (see
 * https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=269303): When an authenticated
 * user requests a page, and then logs out and requests the same page again,
 * Firefox may send a conditional request based on the page that was cached
 * locally when the user was logged in. If this page did not have an ETag
 * header, the request only contains an If-Modified-Since header. The date will
 * be recent, because with authenticated users the Last-Modified header always
 * refers to the time of the request. If the user accesses Drupal via a proxy
 * server, and the proxy already has a cached copy of the anonymous page with an
 * older Last-Modified date, the proxy may respond with 304 Not Modified, making
 * the client think that the anonymous and authenticated pageviews are
 * identical.
 *
 * @see drupal_page_set_cache()
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   See https://drupal.org/node/2181523.
 */
function drupal_page_header() {
  $headers_sent = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, FALSE);
  if ($headers_sent) {
    return TRUE;
  }
  $headers_sent = TRUE;

  $default_headers = array(
    'Expires' => 'Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT',
    'Last-Modified' => gmdate(DateTimePlus::RFC7231, REQUEST_TIME),
    'Cache-Control' => 'no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0',
    'ETag' => '"' . REQUEST_TIME . '"',
  );
  drupal_send_headers($default_headers);
}

/**
 * Sets HTTP headers in preparation for a cached page response.
 *
 * The headers allow as much as possible in proxies and browsers without any
 * particular knowledge about the pages. Modules can override these headers
 * using _drupal_add_http_header().
 *
 * If the request is conditional (using If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match),
 * and the conditions match those currently in the cache, a 304 Not Modified
 * response is sent.
 */
function drupal_serve_page_from_cache(Response $response, Request $request) {
  // Only allow caching in the browser and prevent that the response is stored
  // by an external proxy server when the following conditions apply:
  // 1. There is a session cookie on the request.
  // 2. The Vary: Cookie header is on the response.
  // 3. The Cache-Control header does not contain the no-cache directive.
  if ($request->cookies->has(session_name()) &&
    in_array('Cookie', $response->getVary()) &&
    !$response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-cache')) {

    $response->setPrivate();
  }

  // Negotiate whether to use compression.
  if ($response->headers->get('Content-Encoding') == 'gzip' && extension_loaded('zlib')) {
    if (strpos($request->headers->get('Accept-Encoding'), 'gzip') !== FALSE) {
      // The response content is already gzip'ed, so make sure
      // zlib.output_compression does not compress it once more.
      ini_set('zlib.output_compression', '0');
    }
    else {
      // The client does not support compression. Decompress the content and
      // remove the Content-Encoding header.
      $content = $response->getContent();
      $content = gzinflate(substr(substr($content, 10), 0, -8));
      $response->setContent($content);
      $response->headers->remove('Content-Encoding');
    }
  }

  // Perform HTTP revalidation.
  // @todo Use Response::isNotModified() as per https://drupal.org/node/2259489
  $last_modified = $response->getLastModified();
  if ($last_modified) {
    // See if the client has provided the required HTTP headers.
    $if_modified_since = $request->server->has('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE') ? strtotime($request->server->get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')) : FALSE;
    $if_none_match = $request->server->has('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH') ? stripslashes($request->server->get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH')) : FALSE;

    if ($if_modified_since && $if_none_match
      && $if_none_match == $response->getEtag() // etag must match
      && $if_modified_since == $last_modified->getTimestamp()) {  // if-modified-since must match
      $response->setStatusCode(304);
      $response->setContent(NULL);

      // In the case of a 304 response, certain headers must be sent, and the
      // remaining may not (see RFC 2616, section 10.3.5).
      foreach (array_keys($response->headers->all()) as $name) {
        if (!in_array($name, array('content-location', 'expires', 'cache-control', 'vary'))) {
          $response->headers->remove($name);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Translates a string to the current language or to a given language.
 *
 * The t() function serves two purposes. First, at run-time it translates
 * user-visible text into the appropriate language. Second, various mechanisms
 * that figure out what text needs to be translated work off t() -- the text
 * inside t() calls is added to the database of strings to be translated.
 * These strings are expected to be in English, so the first argument should
 * always be in English. To enable a fully-translatable site, it is important
 * that all human-readable text that will be displayed on the site or sent to
 * a user is passed through the t() function, or a related function. See the
 * @link http://drupal.org/node/322729 Localization API @endlink pages for
 * more information, including recommendations on how to break up or not
 * break up strings for translation.
 *
 * @section sec_translating_vars Translating Variables
 * You should never use t() to translate variables, such as calling
 * @code t($text); @endcode, unless the text that the variable holds has been
 * passed through t() elsewhere (e.g., $text is one of several translated
 * literal strings in an array). It is especially important never to call
 * @code t($user_text); @endcode, where $user_text is some text that a user
 * entered - doing that can lead to cross-site scripting and other security
 * problems. However, you can use variable substitution in your string, to put
 * variable text such as user names or link URLs into translated text. Variable
 * substitution looks like this:
 * @code
 * $text = t("@name's blog", array('@name' => user_format_name($account)));
 * @endcode
 * Basically, you can put variables like @name into your string, and t() will
 * substitute their sanitized values at translation time. (See the
 * Localization API pages referenced above and the documentation of
 * format_string() for details about how to define variables in your string.)
 * Translators can then rearrange the string as necessary for the language
 * (e.g., in Spanish, it might be "blog de @name").
 *
 * @param $string
 *   A string containing the English string to translate.
 * @param $args
 *   An associative array of replacements to make after translation. Based
 *   on the first character of the key, the value is escaped and/or themed.
 *   See format_string() for details.
 * @param $options
 *   An associative array of additional options, with the following elements:
 *   - 'langcode' (defaults to the current language): The language code to
 *     translate to a language other than what is used to display the page.
 *   - 'context' (defaults to the empty context): The context the source string
 *     belongs to.
 *
 * @return
 *   The translated string.
 *
 * @see format_string()
 * @ingroup sanitization
 */
function t($string, array $args = array(), array $options = array()) {
  return \Drupal::translation()->translate($string, $args, $options);
}

/**
 * Formats a string for HTML display by replacing variable placeholders.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\String::format()
 * @see t()
 * @ingroup sanitization
 */
function format_string($string, array $args = array()) {
  return String::format($string, $args);
}

/**
 * Checks whether a string is valid UTF-8.
 *
 * All functions designed to filter input should use drupal_validate_utf8
 * to ensure they operate on valid UTF-8 strings to prevent bypass of the
 * filter.
 *
 * When text containing an invalid UTF-8 lead byte (0xC0 - 0xFF) is presented
 * as UTF-8 to Internet Explorer 6, the program may misinterpret subsequent
 * bytes. When these subsequent bytes are HTML control characters such as
 * quotes or angle brackets, parts of the text that were deemed safe by filters
 * end up in locations that are potentially unsafe; An onerror attribute that
 * is outside of a tag, and thus deemed safe by a filter, can be interpreted
 * by the browser as if it were inside the tag.
 *
 * The function does not return FALSE for strings containing character codes
 * above U+10FFFF, even though these are prohibited by RFC 3629.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The text to check.
 *
 * @return
 *   TRUE if the text is valid UTF-8, FALSE if not.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\Unicode::validateUtf8()
 */
function drupal_validate_utf8($text) {
  return Unicode::validateUtf8($text);
}

/**
 * Returns the equivalent of Apache's $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] variable.
 *
 * Because $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] is only available on Apache, we generate an
 * equivalent using other environment variables.
 *
 * @todo The above comment is incorrect: http://drupal.org/node/1547294.
 */
function request_uri($omit_query_string = FALSE) {
  if (isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'])) {
    $uri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
  }
  else {
    if (isset($_SERVER['argv'][0])) {
      $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] . '?' . $_SERVER['argv'][0];
    }
    elseif (isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'])) {
      $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] . '?' . $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
    }
    else {
      $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
    }
  }
  // Prevent multiple slashes to avoid cross site requests via the Form API.
  $uri = '/' . ltrim($uri, '/');

  return $omit_query_string ? strtok($uri, '?') : $uri;
}

/**
 * Logs an exception.
 *
 * This is a wrapper logging function which automatically decodes an exception.
 *
 * @param $type
 *   The category to which this message belongs.
 * @param $exception
 *   The exception that is going to be logged.
 * @param $message
 *   The message to store in the log. If empty, a text that contains all useful
 *   information about the passed-in exception is used.
 * @param $variables
 *   Array of variables to replace in the message on display or
 *   NULL if message is already translated or not possible to
 *   translate.
 * @param $severity
 *   The severity of the message, as per RFC 3164.
 * @param $link
 *   A link to associate with the message.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Utility\Error::decodeException()
 */
function watchdog_exception($type, Exception $exception, $message = NULL, $variables = array(), $severity = WATCHDOG_ERROR, $link = NULL) {

  // Use a default value if $message is not set.
  if (empty($message)) {
    // The exception message is run through
    // \Drupal\Component\Utility\String::checkPlain() by
    // \Drupal\Core\Utility\Error:decodeException().
    $message = '%type: !message in %function (line %line of %file).';
  }

  if ($link) {
    $variables['link'] = $link;
  }

  $variables += Error::decodeException($exception);

  \Drupal::logger($type)->log($severity, $message, $variables);
}

/**
 * Sets a message to display to the user.
 *
 * Messages are stored in a session variable and displayed in the page template
 * via the $messages theme variable.
 *
 * Example usage:
 * @code
 * drupal_set_message(t('An error occurred and processing did not complete.'), 'error');
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param string $message
 *   (optional) The translated message to be displayed to the user. For
 *   consistency with other messages, it should begin with a capital letter and
 *   end with a period.
 * @param string $type
 *   (optional) The message's type. Defaults to 'status'. These values are
 *   supported:
 *   - 'status'
 *   - 'warning'
 *   - 'error'
 * @param bool $repeat
 *   (optional) If this is FALSE and the message is already set, then the
 *   message won't be repeated. Defaults to FALSE.
 *
 * @return array|null
 *   A multidimensional array with keys corresponding to the set message types.
 *   The indexed array values of each contain the set messages for that type,
 *   and each message is an associative array with the following format:
 *   - safe: Boolean indicating whether the message string has been marked as
 *     safe. Non-safe strings will be escaped automatically.
 *   - message: The message string.
 *   So, the following is an example of the full return array structure:
 *   @code
 *     array(
 *       'status' => array(
 *         array(
 *           'safe' => TRUE,
 *           'message' => 'A <em>safe</em> markup string.',
 *         ),
 *         array(
 *           'safe' => FALSE,
 *           'message' => "$arbitrary_user_input to escape.",
 *         ),
 *       ),
 *     );
 *   @endcode
 *   If there are no messages set, the function returns NULL.
 *
 * @see drupal_get_messages()
 * @see theme_status_messages()
 */
function drupal_set_message($message = NULL, $type = 'status', $repeat = FALSE) {
  if (isset($message)) {
    if (!isset($_SESSION['messages'][$type])) {
      $_SESSION['messages'][$type] = array();
    }

    if ($repeat || !in_array($message, $_SESSION['messages'][$type])) {
      $_SESSION['messages'][$type][] = array(
        'safe' => SafeMarkup::isSafe($message),
        'message' => $message,
      );
    }

    // Mark this page as being uncacheable.
    \Drupal::service('page_cache_kill_switch')->trigger();
  }

  // Messages not set when DB connection fails.
  return isset($_SESSION['messages']) ? $_SESSION['messages'] : NULL;
}

/**
 * Returns all messages that have been set with drupal_set_message().
 *
 * @param string $type
 *   (optional) Limit the messages returned by type. Defaults to NULL, meaning
 *   all types. These values are supported:
 *   - NULL
 *   - 'status'
 *   - 'warning'
 *   - 'error'
 * @param bool $clear_queue
 *   (optional) If this is TRUE, the queue will be cleared of messages of the
 *   type specified in the $type parameter. Otherwise the queue will be left
 *   intact. Defaults to TRUE.
 *
 * @return array
 *   An associative, nested array of messages grouped by message type, with
 *   the top-level keys as the message type. The messages returned are
 *   limited to the type specified in the $type parameter, if any. If there
 *   are no messages of the specified type, an empty array is returned. See
 *   drupal_set_message() for the array structure of individual messages.
 *
 * @see drupal_set_message()
 * @see theme_status_messages()
 */
function drupal_get_messages($type = NULL, $clear_queue = TRUE) {
  if ($messages = drupal_set_message()) {
    foreach ($messages as $message_type => $message_typed_messages) {
      foreach ($message_typed_messages as $key => $message) {
        if ($message['safe']) {
          $message['message'] = SafeMarkup::set($message['message']);
        }
        $messages[$message_type][$key] = $message['message'];
      }
    }
    if ($type) {
      if ($clear_queue) {
        unset($_SESSION['messages'][$type]);
      }
      if (isset($messages[$type])) {
        return array($type => $messages[$type]);
      }
    }
    else {
      if ($clear_queue) {
        unset($_SESSION['messages']);
      }
      return $messages;
    }
  }
  return array();
}

/**
 * Ensures Drupal is bootstrapped to the specified phase.
 *
 * In order to bootstrap Drupal from another PHP script, you can use this code:
 * @code
 *   require_once '/path/to/drupal/core/vendor/autoload.php';
 *   require_once '/path/to/drupal/core/includes/bootstrap.inc';
 *   drupal_bootstrap(DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL);
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param $phase
 *   A constant telling which phase to bootstrap to. Possible values:
 *   - DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION: Initializes configuration.
 *   - DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_KERNEL: Initializes a kernel.
 *
 * @return int
 *   The most recently completed phase.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Interact directly with the kernel.
 */
function drupal_bootstrap($phase = NULL) {
  // Temporary variables used for booting later legacy phases.
  /** @var \Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel $kernel */
  static $kernel;
  static $boot_level = 0;

  if (isset($phase)) {
    $request = Request::createFromGlobals();
    for ($current_phase = $boot_level; $current_phase <= $phase; $current_phase++) {

      switch ($current_phase) {
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION:
          $classloader = require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
          $kernel = DrupalKernel::createFromRequest($request, $classloader, 'prod');
          break;

        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_KERNEL:
          $kernel->boot();
          break;

        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_CACHE:
          $kernel->handlePageCache($request);
          break;

        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CODE:
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL:
          $kernel->prepareLegacyRequest($request);
          break;
      }
    }
    $boot_level = $phase;
  }

  return \Drupal::getContainer() ? DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CODE : DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION;
}

/**
 * Returns the time zone of the current user.
 */
function drupal_get_user_timezone() {
  global $user;
  $config = \Drupal::config('system.date');

  if ($user && $config->get('timezone.user.configurable') && $user->isAuthenticated() && $user->getTimezone()) {
    return $user->getTimezone();
  }
  else {
    // Ignore PHP strict notice if time zone has not yet been set in the php.ini
    // configuration.
    $config_data_default_timezone = $config->get('timezone.default');
    return !empty($config_data_default_timezone) ? $config_data_default_timezone : @date_default_timezone_get();
  }
}

/**
 * Provides custom PHP error handling.
 *
 * @param $error_level
 *   The level of the error raised.
 * @param $message
 *   The error message.
 * @param $filename
 *   The filename that the error was raised in.
 * @param $line
 *   The line number the error was raised at.
 * @param $context
 *   An array that points to the active symbol table at the point the error
 *   occurred.
 */
function _drupal_error_handler($error_level, $message, $filename, $line, $context) {
  require_once __DIR__ . '/errors.inc';
  _drupal_error_handler_real($error_level, $message, $filename, $line, $context);
}

/**
 * Provides custom PHP exception handling.
 *
 * Uncaught exceptions are those not enclosed in a try/catch block. They are
 * always fatal: the execution of the script will stop as soon as the exception
 * handler exits.
 *
 * @param $exception
 *   The exception object that was thrown.
 */
function _drupal_exception_handler($exception) {
  require_once __DIR__ . '/errors.inc';

  try {
    // Log the message to the watchdog and return an error page to the user.
    _drupal_log_error(Error::decodeException($exception), TRUE);
  }
  catch (Exception $exception2) {
    // Another uncaught exception was thrown while handling the first one.
    // If we are displaying errors, then do so with no possibility of a further uncaught exception being thrown.
    if (error_displayable()) {
      print '<h1>Additional uncaught exception thrown while handling exception.</h1>';
      print '<h2>Original</h2><p>' . Error::renderExceptionSafe($exception) . '</p>';
      print '<h2>Additional</h2><p>' . Error::renderExceptionSafe($exception2) . '</p><hr />';
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Returns the current bootstrap phase for this Drupal process.
 *
 * The current phase is the one most recently completed by drupal_bootstrap().
 *
 * @see drupal_bootstrap()
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 */
function drupal_get_bootstrap_phase() {
  return drupal_bootstrap();
}

/**
 * Returns the list of enabled modules.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal::moduleHandler()->getModuleList().
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler::getModuleList()
 */
function module_list() {
  $modules = array_keys(\Drupal::moduleHandler()->getModuleList());
  return array_combine($modules, $modules);
}

/**
 * Determines which modules are implementing a hook.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal::moduleHandler()->getImplementations($hook).
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler::getImplementations()
 */
function module_implements($hook) {
  return \Drupal::moduleHandler()->getImplementations($hook);
}

/**
 * Invokes a hook in a particular module.
 *
 * All arguments are passed by value. Use \Drupal::moduleHandler()->alter() if
 * you need to pass arguments by reference.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0. Use
 *   \Drupal::moduleHandler()->invoke($module, $hook, $args = array()).
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler::alter()
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler::invoke()
 */
function module_invoke($module, $hook) {
  $args = func_get_args();
  // Remove $module and $hook from the arguments.
  unset($args[0], $args[1]);
  return \Drupal::moduleHandler()->invoke($module, $hook, $args);
}

/**
 * Returns the test prefix if this is an internal request from SimpleTest.
 *
 * @param string $new_prefix
 *   Internal use only. A new prefix to be stored.
 *
 * @return string|FALSE
 *   Either the simpletest prefix (the string "simpletest" followed by any
 *   number of digits) or FALSE if the user agent does not contain a valid
 *   HMAC and timestamp.
 */
function drupal_valid_test_ua($new_prefix = NULL) {
  static $test_prefix;

  if (isset($new_prefix)) {
    $test_prefix = $new_prefix;
  }
  if (isset($test_prefix)) {
    return $test_prefix;
  }
  // Unless the below User-Agent and HMAC validation succeeds, we are not in
  // a test environment.
  $test_prefix = FALSE;

  // Perform a basic check on the User-Agent HTTP request header first. Any
  // inbound request that uses the simpletest UA header needs to be validated.
  if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && preg_match("/^(simpletest\d+);(.+);(.+);(.+)$/", $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], $matches)) {
    list(, $prefix, $time, $salt, $hmac) = $matches;
    $check_string =  $prefix . ';' . $time . ';' . $salt;
    // Read the hash salt prepared by drupal_generate_test_ua().
    // This function is called before settings.php is read and Drupal's error
    // handlers are set up. While Drupal's error handling may be properly
    // configured on production sites, the server's PHP error_reporting may not.
    // Ensure that no information leaks on production sites.
    $key_file = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/simpletest/' . substr($prefix, 10) . '/.htkey';
    if (!is_readable($key_file)) {
      header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' 403 Forbidden');
      exit;
    }
    $private_key = file_get_contents($key_file);
    // The file properties add more entropy not easily accessible to others.
    $key = $private_key . filectime(__FILE__) . fileinode(__FILE__);
    $time_diff = REQUEST_TIME - $time;
    $test_hmac = Crypt::hmacBase64($check_string, $key);
    // Since we are making a local request a 5 second time window is allowed,
    // and the HMAC must match.
    if ($time_diff >= 0 && $time_diff <= 5 && $hmac === $test_hmac) {
      $test_prefix = $prefix;
    }
  }
  return $test_prefix;
}

/**
 * Generates a user agent string with a HMAC and timestamp for simpletest.
 */
function drupal_generate_test_ua($prefix) {
  static $key, $last_prefix;

  if (!isset($key) || $last_prefix != $prefix) {
    $last_prefix = $prefix;
    $key_file = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/simpletest/' . substr($prefix, 10) . '/.htkey';
    // When issuing an outbound HTTP client request from within an inbound test
    // request, then the outbound request has to use the same User-Agent header
    // as the inbound request. A newly generated private key for the same test
    // prefix would invalidate all subsequent inbound requests.
    // @see \Drupal\Core\Http\Plugin\SimpletestHttpRequestSubscriber
    if (DRUPAL_TEST_IN_CHILD_SITE && $parent_prefix = drupal_valid_test_ua()) {
      if ($parent_prefix != $prefix) {
        throw new \RuntimeException("Malformed User-Agent: Expected '$parent_prefix' but got '$prefix'.");
      }
      // If the file is not readable, a PHP warning is expected in this case.
      $private_key = file_get_contents($key_file);
    }
    else {
      // Generate and save a new hash salt for a test run.
      // Consumed by drupal_valid_test_ua() before settings.php is loaded.
      $private_key = Crypt::randomBytesBase64(55);
      file_put_contents($key_file, $private_key);
    }
    // The file properties add more entropy not easily accessible to others.
    $key = $private_key . filectime(__FILE__) . fileinode(__FILE__);
  }
  // Generate a moderately secure HMAC based on the database credentials.
  $salt = uniqid('', TRUE);
  $check_string = $prefix . ';' . time() . ';' . $salt;
  return $check_string . ';' . Crypt::hmacBase64($check_string, $key);
}

/**
 * Enables use of the theme system without requiring database access.
 *
 * Loads and initializes the theme system for site installs, updates and when
 * the site is in maintenance mode. This also applies when the database fails.
 *
 * @see _drupal_maintenance_theme()
 */
function drupal_maintenance_theme() {
  require_once __DIR__ . '/theme.maintenance.inc';
  _drupal_maintenance_theme();
}

/**
 * Returns TRUE if a Drupal installation is currently being attempted.
 */
function drupal_installation_attempted() {
  // This cannot rely on the MAINTENANCE_MODE constant, since that would prevent
  // tests from using the non-interactive installer, in which case Drupal
  // only happens to be installed within the same request, but subsequently
  // executed code does not involve the installer at all.
  // @see install_drupal()
  return isset($GLOBALS['install_state']) && empty($GLOBALS['install_state']['installation_finished']);
}

/**
 * Returns a list of languages set up on the site.
 *
 * @param $flags
 *   (optional) Specifies the state of the languages that have to be returned.
 *   It can be: LanguageInterface::STATE_CONFIGURABLE,
 *   LanguageInterface::STATE_LOCKED, LanguageInterface::STATE_ALL.
 *
 * @return \Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageInterface[]
 *   An associative array of languages, keyed by the language code, ordered by
 *   weight ascending and name ascending.
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal::languageManager()->getLanguages().
 */
function language_list($flags = LanguageInterface::STATE_CONFIGURABLE) {
  return \Drupal::languageManager()->getLanguages($flags);
}

/**
 * Loads a language object from the database.
 *
 * @param string $langcode
 *   The language code.
 *
 * @return \Drupal\core\Language\LanguageInterface|null
 *   A fully-populated language object or NULL.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageManager::getLanguage()
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal::languageManager()->getLanguage().
 */
function language_load($langcode) {
  return \Drupal::languageManager()->getLanguage($langcode);
}

/**
 * Returns the default language used on the site.
 *
 * @return \Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageInterface
 *   A language object.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageManager::getLanguage()
 *
 * @deprecated in Drupal 8.x-dev, will be removed before Drupal 8.0.
 *   Use \Drupal::languageManager()->getDefaultLanguage().
 */
function language_default() {
  return \Drupal::languageManager()->getDefaultLanguage();
}

/**
 * Returns the requested URL path of the page being viewed.
 *
 * Examples:
 * - http://example.com/node/306 returns "node/306".
 * - http://example.com/drupalfolder/node/306 returns "node/306" while
 *   base_path() returns "/drupalfolder/".
 * - http://example.com/path/alias (which is a path alias for node/306) returns
 *   "path/alias" as opposed to the internal path.
 * - http://example.com/index.php returns an empty string (meaning: front page).
 * - http://example.com/index.php?page=1 returns an empty string.
 *
 * @return
 *   The requested Drupal URL path.
 *
 * @see current_path()
 */
function request_path() {
  static $path;

  if (isset($path)) {
    return $path;
  }

  // Get the part of the URI between the base path of the Drupal installation
  // and the query string, and unescape it.
  $request_path = request_uri(TRUE);
  $base_path_len = strlen(rtrim(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '\/'));
  $path = substr(urldecode($request_path), $base_path_len + 1);

  // Depending on server configuration, the URI might or might not include the
  // script name. For example, the front page might be accessed as
  // http://example.com or as http://example.com/index.php, and the "user"
  // page might be accessed as http://example.com/user or as
  // http://example.com/index.php/user. Strip the script name from $path.
  $script = basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
  if ($path == $script) {
    $path = '';
  }
  elseif (strpos($path, $script . '/') === 0) {
    $path = substr($path, strlen($script) + 1);
  }

  // Extra slashes can appear in URLs or under some conditions, added by Apache,
  // so normalize.
  $path = trim($path, '/');

  return $path;
}

/**
 * @todo This is a temporary function pending refactoring Drupal to use
 *   Symfony's Request object exclusively.
 */
function _current_path($path = NULL) {
  static $current_path = '';
  if (isset($path)) {
    $current_path = $path;
  }
  return $current_path;
}

/**
 * Registers an additional namespace.
 *
 * @param string $name
 *   The namespace component to register; e.g., 'node'.
 * @param string $path
 *   The relative path to the Drupal component in the filesystem.
 */
function drupal_classloader_register($name, $path) {
  $loader = \Drupal::service('class_loader');
  $loader->addPsr4('Drupal\\' . $name . '\\', DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $path . '/src');
}

/**
 * Provides central static variable storage.
 *
 * All functions requiring a static variable to persist or cache data within
 * a single page request are encouraged to use this function unless it is
 * absolutely certain that the static variable will not need to be reset during
 * the page request. By centralizing static variable storage through this
 * function, other functions can rely on a consistent API for resetting any
 * other function's static variables.
 *
 * Example:
 * @code
 * function example_list($field = 'default') {
 *   $examples = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
 *   if (!isset($examples)) {
 *     // If this function is being called for the first time after a reset,
 *     // query the database and execute any other code needed to retrieve
 *     // information.
 *     ...
 *   }
 *   if (!isset($examples[$field])) {
 *     // If this function is being called for the first time for a particular
 *     // index field, then execute code needed to index the information already
 *     // available in $examples by the desired field.
 *     ...
 *   }
 *   // Subsequent invocations of this function for a particular index field
 *   // skip the above two code blocks and quickly return the already indexed
 *   // information.
 *   return $examples[$field];
 * }
 * function examples_admin_overview() {
 *   // When building the content for the overview page, make sure to get
 *   // completely fresh information.
 *   drupal_static_reset('example_list');
 *   ...
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * In a few cases, a function can have certainty that there is no legitimate
 * use-case for resetting that function's static variable. This is rare,
 * because when writing a function, it's hard to forecast all the situations in
 * which it will be used. A guideline is that if a function's static variable
 * does not depend on any information outside of the function that might change
 * during a single page request, then it's ok to use the "static" keyword
 * instead of the drupal_static() function.
 *
 * Example:
 * @code
 * function mymodule_log_stream_handle($new_handle = NULL) {
 *   static $handle;
 *   if (isset($new_handle)) {
 *     $handle = $new_handle;
 *   }
 *   return $handle;
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * In a few cases, a function needs a resettable static variable, but the
 * function is called many times (100+) during a single page request, so
 * every microsecond of execution time that can be removed from the function
 * counts. These functions can use a more cumbersome, but faster variant of
 * calling drupal_static(). It works by storing the reference returned by
 * drupal_static() in the calling function's own static variable, thereby
 * removing the need to call drupal_static() for each iteration of the function.
 * Conceptually, it replaces:
 * @code
 * $foo = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
 * @endcode
 * with:
 * @code
 * // Unfortunately, this does not work.
 * static $foo = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
 * @endcode
 * However, the above line of code does not work, because PHP only allows static
 * variables to be initialized by literal values, and does not allow static
 * variables to be assigned to references.
 * - http://php.net/manual/language.variables.scope.php#language.variables.scope.static
 * - http://php.net/manual/language.variables.scope.php#language.variables.scope.references
 * The example below shows the syntax needed to work around both limitations.
 * For benchmarks and more information, see http://drupal.org/node/619666.
 *
 * Example:
 * @code
 * function example_default_format_type() {
 *   // Use the advanced drupal_static() pattern, since this is called very often.
 *   static $drupal_static_fast;
 *   if (!isset($drupal_static_fast)) {
 *     $drupal_static_fast['format_type'] = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
 *   }
 *   $format_type = &$drupal_static_fast['format_type'];
 *   ...
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param $name
 *   Globally unique name for the variable. For a function with only one static,
 *   variable, the function name (e.g. via the PHP magic __FUNCTION__ constant)
 *   is recommended. For a function with multiple static variables add a
 *   distinguishing suffix to the function name for each one.
 * @param $default_value
 *   Optional default value.
 * @param $reset
 *   TRUE to reset one or all variables(s). This parameter is only used
 *   internally and should not be passed in; use drupal_static_reset() instead.
 *   (This function's return value should not be used when TRUE is passed in.)
 *
 * @return
 *   Returns a variable by reference.
 *
 * @see drupal_static_reset()
 */
function &drupal_static($name, $default_value = NULL, $reset = FALSE) {
  static $data = array(), $default = array();
  // First check if dealing with a previously defined static variable.
  if (isset($data[$name]) || array_key_exists($name, $data)) {
    // Non-NULL $name and both $data[$name] and $default[$name] statics exist.
    if ($reset) {
      // Reset pre-existing static variable to its default value.
      $data[$name] = $default[$name];
    }
    return $data[$name];
  }
  // Neither $data[$name] nor $default[$name] static variables exist.
  if (isset($name)) {
    if ($reset) {
      // Reset was called before a default is set and yet a variable must be
      // returned.
      return $data;
    }
    // First call with new non-NULL $name. Initialize a new static variable.
    $default[$name] = $data[$name] = $default_value;
    return $data[$name];
  }
  // Reset all: ($name == NULL). This needs to be done one at a time so that
  // references returned by earlier invocations of drupal_static() also get
  // reset.
  foreach ($default as $name => $value) {
    $data[$name] = $value;
  }
  // As the function returns a reference, the return should always be a
  // variable.
  return $data;
}

/**
 * Resets one or all centrally stored static variable(s).
 *
 * @param $name
 *   Name of the static variable to reset. Omit to reset all variables.
 *   Resetting all variables should only be used, for example, for running
 *   unit tests with a clean environment.
 */
function drupal_static_reset($name = NULL) {
  drupal_static($name, NULL, TRUE);
}

/**
 * Formats text for emphasized display in a placeholder inside a sentence.
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\String::placeholder()
 */
function drupal_placeholder($text) {
  return String::placeholder($text);
}

/**
 * Registers a function for execution on shutdown.
 *
 * Wrapper for register_shutdown_function() that catches thrown exceptions to
 * avoid "Exception thrown without a stack frame in Unknown".
 *
 * @param $callback
 *   The shutdown function to register.
 * @param ...
 *   Additional arguments to pass to the shutdown function.
 *
 * @return
 *   Array of shutdown functions to be executed.
 *
 * @see register_shutdown_function()
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function &drupal_register_shutdown_function($callback = NULL) {
  // We cannot use drupal_static() here because the static cache is reset during
  // batch processing, which breaks batch handling.
  static $callbacks = array();

  if (isset($callback)) {
    // Only register the internal shutdown function once.
    if (empty($callbacks)) {
      register_shutdown_function('_drupal_shutdown_function');
    }
    $args = func_get_args();
    // Remove $callback from the arguments.
    unset($args[0]);
    // Save callback and arguments
    $callbacks[] = array('callback' => $callback, 'arguments' => $args);
  }
  return $callbacks;
}

/**
 * Executes registered shutdown functions.
 */
function _drupal_shutdown_function() {
  $callbacks = &drupal_register_shutdown_function();

  // Set the CWD to DRUPAL_ROOT as it is not guaranteed to be the same as it
  // was in the normal context of execution.
  chdir(DRUPAL_ROOT);

  try {
    while (list($key, $callback) = each($callbacks)) {
      call_user_func_array($callback['callback'], $callback['arguments']);
    }
  }
  catch (Exception $exception) {
    // If using PHP-FPM then fastcgi_finish_request() will have been fired
    // preventing further output to the browser.
    if (!function_exists('fastcgi_finish_request')) {
      // If we are displaying errors, then do so with no possibility of a
      // further uncaught exception being thrown.
      require_once __DIR__ . '/errors.inc';
      if (error_displayable()) {
        print '<h1>Uncaught exception thrown in shutdown function.</h1>';
        print '<p>' . Error::renderExceptionSafe($exception) . '</p><hr />';
      }
    }
    error_log($exception);
  }
}