diff --git a/core/core.services.yml b/core/core.services.yml
index 07def88bc56..053c40b764c 100644
--- a/core/core.services.yml
+++ b/core/core.services.yml
@@ -1286,6 +1286,7 @@ services:
     class: Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\ConfigImportSubscriber
     tags:
       - { name: event_subscriber }
+      - { name: service_collector, tag: 'module_install.uninstall_validator', call: addUninstallValidator }
     arguments: ['@theme_handler', '@extension.list.module']
   config_snapshot_subscriber:
     class: Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\ConfigSnapshotSubscriber
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Config/ConfigImporter.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Config/ConfigImporter.php
index 1ddb3960d3c..58cc8b9844c 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Config/ConfigImporter.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Config/ConfigImporter.php
@@ -673,13 +673,18 @@ class ConfigImporter {
   /**
    * Gets the next extension operation to perform.
    *
+   * Uninstalls are processed first with themes coming before modules. Then
+   * installs are processed with modules coming before themes. This order is
+   * necessary because themes can depend on modules.
+   *
    * @return array|bool
    *   An array containing the next operation and extension name to perform it
    *   on. If there is nothing left to do returns FALSE;
    */
   protected function getNextExtensionOperation() {
-    foreach (['module', 'theme'] as $type) {
-      foreach (['install', 'uninstall'] as $op) {
+    foreach (['uninstall', 'install'] as $op) {
+      $types = $op === 'uninstall' ? ['theme', 'module'] : ['module', 'theme'];
+      foreach ($types as $type) {
         $unprocessed = $this->getUnprocessedExtensions($type);
         if (!empty($unprocessed[$op])) {
           return [
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/EventSubscriber/ConfigImportSubscriber.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/EventSubscriber/ConfigImportSubscriber.php
index 99b933754d0..0547a14d3ac 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/EventSubscriber/ConfigImportSubscriber.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/EventSubscriber/ConfigImportSubscriber.php
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporter;
 use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporterEvent;
 use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase;
 use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigNameException;
+use Drupal\Core\Extension\ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleExtensionList;
+use Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Extension\ThemeHandlerInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Installer\InstallerKernel;
 
@@ -37,6 +39,13 @@ class ConfigImportSubscriber extends ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase {
    */
   protected $themeHandler;
 
+  /**
+   * The uninstall validators.
+   *
+   * @var \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface[]
+   */
+  protected $uninstallValidators = [];
+
   /**
    * Constructs the ConfigImportSubscriber.
    *
@@ -50,6 +59,16 @@ class ConfigImportSubscriber extends ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase {
     $this->moduleExtensionList = $extension_list_module;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Adds a module uninstall validator.
+   *
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface $uninstall_validator
+   *   The uninstall validator to add.
+   */
+  public function addUninstallValidator(ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface $uninstall_validator): void {
+    $this->uninstallValidators[] = $uninstall_validator;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Validates the configuration to be imported.
    *
@@ -150,6 +169,16 @@ class ConfigImportSubscriber extends ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase {
           $config_importer->logError($this->t('Unable to uninstall the %module module since the %dependent_module module is installed.', ['%module' => $module_name, '%dependent_module' => $dependent_module_name]));
         }
       }
+      // Ensure that modules can be uninstalled.
+      foreach ($this->uninstallValidators as $validator) {
+        $reasons = $validator instanceof ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface ?
+          $validator->validateConfigImport($module, $config_importer->getStorageComparer()->getSourceStorage()) :
+          $validator->validate($module);
+        foreach ($reasons as $reason) {
+          $config_importer->logError($this->t('Unable to uninstall the %module module because: @reason.',
+            ['%module' => $module_data[$module]->info['name'], '@reason' => $reason]));
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     // Ensure that the install profile is not being uninstalled.
@@ -169,6 +198,7 @@ class ConfigImportSubscriber extends ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase {
     $core_extension = $config_importer->getStorageComparer()->getSourceStorage()->read('core.extension');
     // Get all themes including those that are not installed.
     $theme_data = $this->getThemeData();
+    $module_data = $this->moduleExtensionList->getList();
     $installs = $config_importer->getExtensionChangelist('theme', 'install');
     foreach ($installs as $key => $theme) {
       if (!isset($theme_data[$theme])) {
@@ -181,13 +211,28 @@ class ConfigImportSubscriber extends ConfigImportValidateEventSubscriberBase {
 
     // Ensure that all themes being installed have their dependencies met.
     foreach ($installs as $theme) {
-      foreach (array_keys($theme_data[$theme]->requires) as $required_theme) {
+      $module_dependencies = $theme_data[$theme]->module_dependencies;
+      // $theme_data[$theme]->requires contains both theme and module
+      // dependencies keyed by the extension machine names.
+      // $theme_data[$theme]->module_dependencies contains only the module
+      // dependencies keyed by the module extension machine name. Therefore, we
+      // can find the theme dependencies by finding array keys for 'requires'
+      // that are not in $module_dependencies.
+      $theme_dependencies = array_diff_key($theme_data[$theme]->requires, $module_dependencies);
+      foreach (array_keys($theme_dependencies) as $required_theme) {
         if (!isset($core_extension['theme'][$required_theme])) {
           $theme_name = $theme_data[$theme]->info['name'];
           $required_theme_name = $theme_data[$required_theme]->info['name'];
           $config_importer->logError($this->t('Unable to install the %theme theme since it requires the %required_theme theme.', ['%theme' => $theme_name, '%required_theme' => $required_theme_name]));
         }
       }
+      foreach (array_keys($module_dependencies) as $required_module) {
+        if (!isset($core_extension['module'][$required_module])) {
+          $theme_name = $theme_data[$theme]->info['name'];
+          $required_module_name = $module_data[$required_module]->info['name'];
+          $config_importer->logError($this->t('Unable to install the %theme theme since it requires the %required_module module.', ['%theme' => $theme_name, '%required_module' => $required_module_name]));
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     // Ensure that all themes being uninstalled are not required by themes that
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..061b025119f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Drupal\Core\Extension;
+
+use Drupal\Core\Config\StorageInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Special interface for module uninstall validators for configuration import.
+ *
+ * A module uninstall validator that needs different functionality prior to a
+ * configuration import should implement this interface and be defined in
+ * a Drupal @link container service @endlink that is tagged
+ * module_install.uninstall_validator.
+ */
+interface ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface extends ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
+
+  /**
+   * Determines reasons a module can not be uninstalled prior to config import.
+   *
+   * @param string $module
+   *   A module name.
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Config\StorageInterface $source_storage
+   *   Storage object used to read configuration that is about to be imported.
+   *
+   * @return string[]
+   *   An array of reasons the module can not be uninstalled, empty if it can.
+   *   Each reason should not end with any punctuation since multiple reasons
+   *   can be displayed together.
+   *
+   * @see \Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\ConfigImportSubscriber::validateModules()
+   */
+  public function validateConfigImport(string $module, StorageInterface $source_storage): array;
+
+}
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleInstallerInterface.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleInstallerInterface.php
index 0e4e05d7bf9..17c1ffe50c6 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleInstallerInterface.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleInstallerInterface.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ interface ModuleInstallerInterface {
   public function uninstall(array $module_list, $uninstall_dependents = TRUE);
 
   /**
-   * Adds module a uninstall validator.
+   * Adds a module uninstall validator.
    *
    * @param \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface $uninstall_validator
    *   The uninstall validator to add.
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
index 86499f55cad..1e98447303f 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 
 namespace Drupal\Core\Extension;
 
+use Drupal\Core\Config\StorageInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\StringTranslationTrait;
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslationInterface;
 
 /**
  * Ensures modules cannot be uninstalled if enabled themes depend on them.
  */
-class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
+class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
 
   use StringTranslationTrait;
 
@@ -61,6 +62,27 @@ class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements ModuleUninstallValidat
     return $reasons;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * {@inheritdoc}
+   */
+  public function validateConfigImport(string $module, StorageInterface $source_storage): array {
+    $reasons = [];
+
+    $themes_depending_on_module = $this->getThemesDependingOnModule($module);
+    if (!empty($themes_depending_on_module)) {
+      $installed_themes_after_import = $source_storage->read('core.extension')['theme'];
+      $themes_depending_on_module_still_installed = array_intersect_key($themes_depending_on_module, $installed_themes_after_import);
+      // Ensure that any dependent themes will be uninstalled by the module.
+      if (!empty($themes_depending_on_module_still_installed)) {
+        $reasons[] = $this->formatPlural(count($themes_depending_on_module_still_installed),
+          'Required by the theme: @theme_names',
+          'Required by the themes: @theme_names',
+          ['@theme_names' => implode(', ', $themes_depending_on_module_still_installed)]);
+      }
+    }
+    return $reasons;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns themes that depend on a module.
    *
@@ -68,7 +90,8 @@ class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements ModuleUninstallValidat
    *   The module machine name.
    *
    * @return string[]
-   *   An array of the names of themes that depend on $module.
+   *   An array of the names of themes that depend on $module keyed by the
+   *   theme's machine name.
    */
   protected function getThemesDependingOnModule($module) {
     $installed_themes = $this->themeExtensionList->getAllInstalledInfo();
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php
index d5bf3d9e8fc..01fd07ba89c 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.php
@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ namespace Drupal\Core\Extension;
  * A module uninstall validator must implement this interface and be defined in
  * a Drupal @link container service @endlink that is tagged
  * module_install.uninstall_validator.
+ *
+ * Validators are called during module uninstall and prior to running a
+ * configuration import. If different logic is required when uninstalling via
+ * configuration import implement ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleInstaller::validateUninstall()
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\ConfigImportSubscriber::validateModules()
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface
  */
 interface ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
 
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ThemeInstaller.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ThemeInstaller.php
index 6afd09d9dd3..c730a6c8acb 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ThemeInstaller.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Extension/ThemeInstaller.php
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ class ThemeInstaller implements ThemeInstallerInterface {
       foreach ($theme_list as $theme => $value) {
         $module_dependencies = $theme_data[$theme]->module_dependencies;
         // $theme_data[$theme]->requires contains both theme and module
-        // dependencies keyed by the extension machine names and
-        // $theme_data[$theme]->module_dependencies contains only modules keyed
-        // by the module extension machine name. Therefore we can find the theme
-        // dependencies by finding array keys for 'requires' that are not in
-        // $module_dependencies.
+        // dependencies keyed by the extension machine names.
+        // $theme_data[$theme]->module_dependencies contains only the module
+        // dependencies keyed by the module extension machine name. Therefore,
+        // we can find the theme dependencies by finding array keys for
+        // 'requires' that are not in $module_dependencies.
         $theme_dependencies = array_diff_key($theme_data[$theme]->requires, $module_dependencies);
         // We can find the unmet module dependencies by finding the module
         // machine names keys that are not in $installed_modules keys.
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/ProxyClass/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/ProxyClass/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
index 57eb24f15c8..cde2c6b4487 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/ProxyClass/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/ProxyClass/Extension/ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator.php
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Drupal\Core\ProxyClass\Extension {
      *
      * @see \Drupal\Component\ProxyBuilder
      */
-    class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface
+    class ModuleRequiredByThemesUninstallValidator implements \Drupal\Core\Extension\ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface
     {
 
         use \Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\DependencySerializationTrait;
@@ -75,6 +75,14 @@ namespace Drupal\Core\ProxyClass\Extension {
             return $this->lazyLoadItself()->validate($module);
         }
 
+        /**
+         * {@inheritdoc}
+         */
+        public function validateConfigImport(string $module, \Drupal\Core\Config\StorageInterface $source_storage): array
+        {
+            return $this->lazyLoadItself()->validateConfigImport($module, $source_storage);
+        }
+
         /**
          * {@inheritdoc}
          */
diff --git a/core/modules/field/src/FieldUninstallValidator.php b/core/modules/field/src/FieldUninstallValidator.php
index b4666f30a6e..f3102060121 100644
--- a/core/modules/field/src/FieldUninstallValidator.php
+++ b/core/modules/field/src/FieldUninstallValidator.php
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace Drupal\field;
 
+use Drupal\Core\Config\StorageInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityTypeManagerInterface;
-use Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface;
+use Drupal\Core\Extension\ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Field\FieldTypePluginManagerInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\StringTranslationTrait;
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslationInterface;
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslationInterface;
 /**
  * Prevents uninstallation of modules providing active field storage.
  */
-class FieldUninstallValidator implements ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
+class FieldUninstallValidator implements ConfigImportModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
 
   use StringTranslationTrait;
 
@@ -72,6 +73,15 @@ class FieldUninstallValidator implements ModuleUninstallValidatorInterface {
     return $reasons;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * {@inheritdoc}
+   */
+  public function validateConfigImport(string $module, StorageInterface $source_storage): array {
+    // The field_config_import_steps_alter() method removes field data prior to
+    // configuration import so the checks in ::validate() are unnecessary.
+    return [];
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns all field storages for a specified module.
    *
diff --git a/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Config/ConfigImporterTest.php b/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Config/ConfigImporterTest.php
index 4d16c5709bc..63d21697548 100644
--- a/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Config/ConfigImporterTest.php
+++ b/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Config/ConfigImporterTest.php
@@ -660,6 +660,30 @@ class ConfigImporterTest extends KernelTestBase {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Tests uninstall validators being called during synchronization.
+   *
+   * @see \Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\ConfigImportSubscriber
+   */
+  public function testRequiredModuleValidation() {
+    $sync = $this->container->get('config.storage.sync');
+
+    $extensions = $sync->read('core.extension');
+    unset($extensions['module']['system']);
+    $sync->write('core.extension', $extensions);
+
+    $config_importer = $this->configImporter();
+    try {
+      $config_importer->import();
+      $this->fail('ConfigImporterException not thrown, invalid import was not stopped due to missing dependencies.');
+    }
+    catch (ConfigImporterException $e) {
+      $this->assertStringContainsString('There were errors validating the config synchronization.', $e->getMessage());
+      $error_log = $config_importer->getErrors();
+      $this->assertEquals('Unable to uninstall the <em class="placeholder">System</em> module because: The System module is required.', $error_log[0]);
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Tests install profile validation during configuration import.
    *
diff --git a/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Theme/ConfigImportThemeInstallTest.php b/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Theme/ConfigImportThemeInstallTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f967b432bda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/tests/Drupal/KernelTests/Core/Theme/ConfigImportThemeInstallTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Drupal\KernelTests\Core\Theme;
+
+use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporterException;
+use Drupal\KernelTests\KernelTestBase;
+
+/**
+ * Tests installing and uninstalling of themes via configuration import.
+ *
+ * @group Extension
+ */
+class ConfigImportThemeInstallTest extends KernelTestBase {
+
+  /**
+   * Modules to enable.
+   *
+   * @var array
+   */
+  protected static $modules = ['system'];
+
+  protected function setUp(): void {
+    parent::setUp();
+    $this->installConfig(['system']);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests config imports that install and uninstall a theme with dependencies.
+   */
+  public function testConfigImportWithThemeWithModuleDependencies() {
+    $this->container->get('module_installer')->install(['test_module_required_by_theme', 'test_another_module_required_by_theme']);
+    $this->container->get('theme_installer')->install(['test_theme_depending_on_modules']);
+    $this->assertTrue($this->container->get('theme_handler')->themeExists('test_theme_depending_on_modules'), 'test_theme_depending_on_modules theme installed');
+
+    $sync = $this->container->get('config.storage.sync');
+    $this->copyConfig($this->container->get('config.storage'), $sync);
+    $extensions = $sync->read('core.extension');
+    // Remove one of the modules the theme depends on.
+    unset($extensions['module']['test_module_required_by_theme']);
+    $sync->write('core.extension', $extensions);
+
+    try {
+      $this->configImporter()->validate();
+      $this->fail('ConfigImporterException not thrown; an invalid import was not stopped due to missing dependencies.');
+    }
+    catch (ConfigImporterException $e) {
+      $error_message = 'Unable to uninstall the <em class="placeholder">Test Module Required by Theme</em> module because: Required by the theme: Test Theme Depending on Modules.';
+      $this->assertStringContainsString($error_message, $e->getMessage(), 'There were errors validating the config synchronization.');
+      $error_log = $this->configImporter->getErrors();
+      $this->assertEquals([$error_message], $error_log);
+    }
+
+    // Remove the other module and the theme.
+    unset($extensions['module']['test_another_module_required_by_theme']);
+    unset($extensions['theme']['test_theme_depending_on_modules']);
+    $sync->write('core.extension', $extensions);
+    $this->configImporter()->import();
+
+    $this->assertFalse($this->container->get('theme_handler')->themeExists('test_theme_depending_on_modules'), 'test_theme_depending_on_modules theme uninstalled by configuration import');
+
+    // Try installing a theme with dependencies via config import.
+    $extensions['theme']['test_theme_depending_on_modules'] = 0;
+    $extensions['module']['test_another_module_required_by_theme'] = 0;
+    $sync->write('core.extension', $extensions);
+    try {
+      $this->configImporter()->validate();
+      $this->fail('ConfigImporterException not thrown; an invalid import was not stopped due to missing dependencies.');
+    }
+    catch (ConfigImporterException $e) {
+      $error_message = 'Unable to install the <em class="placeholder">Test Theme Depending on Modules</em> theme since it requires the <em class="placeholder">Test Module Required by Theme</em> module.';
+      $this->assertStringContainsString($error_message, $e->getMessage(), 'There were errors validating the config synchronization.');
+      $error_log = $this->configImporter->getErrors();
+      $this->assertEquals([$error_message], $error_log);
+    }
+
+    $extensions['module']['test_module_required_by_theme'] = 0;
+    $sync->write('core.extension', $extensions);
+    $this->configImporter()->import();
+    $this->assertTrue($this->container->get('theme_handler')->themeExists('test_theme_depending_on_modules'), 'test_theme_depending_on_modules theme installed');
+  }
+
+}